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252 Cards in this Set
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Bacteria that are not readily Gram stained (6) |
Treponema, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, Mycobacteria, Leptospira, Chlamydia |
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color |
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Bacteria that do not have cell wall, so do not stain with Gram stain |
Mycoplasma |
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Spirochetes too thin to be seen when stained with Gram stain |
Treponema and Leptospirosis (Spirochetes) |
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Very small, intracellular bacteria that are difficult to visualize via Gram stain |
Chlamydia and Rickettsia |
CR should be inside - obligate intracellular parasites; |
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Gram classification of Staphylococcus |
Gram positive cocci |
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Gram classification of Neisseria |
Gram negative cocci |
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Gram classification of Enterococcus |
Gram positive cocci |
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Gram classification of Cornybacterium |
Gram positive rods |
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Gram classification of Streptococcus |
Gram positive cocci |
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Gram classification of Escherichia |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Shigella |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Salmonella |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Listeria |
Gram positive rods |
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Gram classification of Bacillus |
Gram positive rods |
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Gram classification of Shigella |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Helicobacter |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Clostridium |
Gram positive rods |
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Gram classification of Kleibsiella |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Pseudomonas |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Legionella |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Yersinia |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Actinomyces |
Gram positive rods |
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Gram classification of Nocardia |
Gram positive rods |
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Gram classification of Haemophilus |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Bordetella |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Pasteurella |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Francisella |
Gram negative rods |
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Gram classification of Enterobacter |
Gram negative rods |
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Obligate anaerobes |
Bacteria that die in the presence of oxygen |
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Obligate aerobes |
Bacteria that grow best in the presence of oxygen, and die without it |
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Facultative anaerobes |
Bacteria that can grow with or without oxygen |
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The reduction or lack of these enzymes is the main reason why growth of anaerobes is inhibited by oxygen (2) |
Catalase and Superoxide dismutase |
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Two reasons why oxygen inhibit growth of anaerobes |
1) lack of catalase and superoxide dismutase 2) oxidation of essential sulfhydryl grps in enzymes without sufficient reducing power to regenerate them |
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Three important PE findings that suggest anaerobic infection |
1) foul-smelling discharge 2) gas in tissue 3) necrotic tissue |
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Reason why Gentamycin is ineffective for anaerobes |
They require an oxygen-dependent process for uptake into the bacterial cell |
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Enzyme produced by staphyloccocci but not by streptococci, that differentiate them |
Catalase |
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Grapelike: staph or strep? |
Staph |
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Chains: staph or strep? |
Strep |
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Catalase: staph or strep? |
Staph |
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Coagulase-negative staphyloccocus |
S. epidermidis, S. Saprophyticus |
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Coagulase-positive staphylococcus |
S. aureus |
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Staphyloxanthin |
Carotenoid pigment produced by S. aureus, giving its colonies a gold color. Also inactivates superoxide and other reactive oxygen species in neutrophils |
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Staphylococcus that ferments mannitol and hemolyzes RBCs |
S. aureus |
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Protein A |
Component of S. aureus cell wall that binds to the Fc portion of IgG, preventing activation of complement, hence, decreasing opsonization and phagocytosis |
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Main sites of colonization of S. aureus (3) |
Nose, skin, vagina |
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Main colonization site of S. epidermidis |
Skin |
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Main colonization site of S. saprophyticus |
Genital tract mucosa of young women |
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Typical lesion of S. aureus |
Abscess |
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Enterotoxin |
Exotoxin of S. aureus that causes food poisoning |
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Three important exotoxins of S. aureus |
Enterotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliatin |
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Exfoliatin |
Exotoxin of S. aureus that causes scalded skin syndrome |
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Desmoglein |
Exfoliatin of S. aureus cleaves this part of desmosomes, leading to the separation of the epidemis at stratum granulosa |
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P-V leukocidin (PVL) |
A pore forming toxin produced by S. aureus that kills cells, esp WBC, by damaging the cell membrane Formation of pneumatocoels |
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Alpha toxin in S. Aureus |
Exotoxin produced by S. aureus that causes marked necrosis of skin and hemolysis |
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Most common cause of pyogenic infections on prosthetic implants like heart valves and hip joints |
S. epidermidis |
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Pathogen causing toxic shock syndrome in women who use tampons |
S. aureus |
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Most common Staph |
S. Aureus |
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Staph that causes most serious infections |
Staph aureus |
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Significance of coagulase in host organism |
Causes plasma to clot by activating prothrombin to form thrombin. Thrombin then catalyzes the activation of fibrinogen to fibrin to form the fibrin clot |
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Most common cause of mastitis |
Staph aureus |
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Protein A: (+)/(-) coagulase |
(+) coagulase |
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Bacteria associated with food poisoning from mayonnaise, salads and custard |
Staph aureus |
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Staph that causes food poisoning |
Staph aureus |
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Staph aureus substance that causes pneumatocoels |
Panton-Valentin (PV) Leukocidin (PVL) |
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Most common cause of post-surgical wound infection |
Staphylococcus aureus |
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Most common overall cause of bacterial conjunctivitis |
Staph aureus |
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Most common cause of conjunctivitis in children |
Strep pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae |
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Etiological agent of Ritter's disease |
Staph aureus |
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Organism: Fever Hypotension Diffuse macular, sunburn-like rash, desquamating Menstruating female |
Staph aureus |
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Organism: Fever Large bullae Erythematous macular rash Skin slough, serous fluid exudates Electrolyte imblance Young children |
Staph aureus |
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Most common cause of CSF shunt infections |
Staph epidermidis |
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Honeymoon cystitis agent |
Staph saprophyticus |
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Novobiosin-resistant: Staph saprophyticus or epidermidis |
S. saprophyticus |
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Staph epidedmidis is novobiosin: resistant or sensitive |
Sensitive |
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Beta-hemolysis: complete or incomplete hemolysis |
complete |
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Incomplete hemolysis: beta or alpha |
Alpha |
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Which staph forms biofilm |
Staph epidermidis |
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Drug of choice for Staph epidermidis |
Vancomycin |
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Drug of choice for Staph saprophyticus |
Trimethroprim-sulfamethaxazole or quinolone (ciprofloxacin) |
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Most common cause of pharyngitis |
Strep pyogenes |
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Most common cause of cellulitis |
Strep pyogenes |
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Most common cause of neonatal meningitis and sepsis |
Strep agalactiae |
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Most common cause of subacute endocarditis |
Strep viridans |
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Green zone around colonies: alpha or beta hemolytic |
Alpha-hemolytic |
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Hemolysins of beta-hemolytic streptococci |
Streptolysin O Streptolysin S |
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Gamma-hemolytic |
Nonhemolytic |
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Important antigens of beta-hemolytic strep |
C carbohydrate M protein |
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Antigen that determines the group of beta-hemolytic strep |
C carbohydrates |
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How to disinguish group A beta-hemolytic from group B beta-hemolytic |
C carbohydrate |
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Most important virulence factor for strep pyogenes |
M protein |
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Strains of Strep pyogenes that do not produce M protein: pathogenic or nonpathogenic |
Non-pathogenic |
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Determines pathogenicity of Strep pyogenes |
M protein |
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Bacteria that have C carbohydrates |
Beta-hemolytic strep |
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Bacteria that have M protein |
Virulent Strep pyrogenes |
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Function of M protein |
Blocks phagocytosis by inactivating C3b Determines type of group A beta-hemolytic strep |
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Determines type of group A beta-hemolytic strep |
M protein |
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Strep pyogenes: group A or group B beta-hemolytic |
Group A |
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Important antibiotic used to inhibits S. pyogenes on agar plates |
Bacitracin |
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Strep agalactiae: group A or B beta-hemolytic |
Group B |
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Bacitran-sensitive strep |
Group A beta-hemoltyic |
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Hippurate breakdown is an important diagnostic criterion for which bacteria |
Group B beta-hemolytic (S. agalactiae) |
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Important diagnostic criterion of group B beta-hemolytic strep is the breadown of this substance |
Hippurate |
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Normal flora strep in female genital tract |
Group B beta-hemolytic (Strep agalactiae) |
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Gram positive cocci that can grow in hypertonic saline |
Group D streptococci (Enterococci) |
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Strep pneumoniae: alpha or beta hemolytic |
Alpha |
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How to distingish pneumococci and viridans strep |
Pneumococci is inhibited by optochin, viridans is not Pneumococcis dissolve in bile, viridans do not |
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Dissolve in bile: Strep pneumococci or viridans |
Pneumococci |
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Strep viridans: dissolve in bile or resistant to optochin |
Resistant to optochin |
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Inhibited by optochin: Strep pneumococci or viridans |
Pneumococci |
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Strep pneumococci: dissolve in bile or resistant to optochin |
Dissolve in bile |
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Viridans is normal flora in which part of the body |
Pharynx |
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Most common cause of dental carries |
Strep mutans |
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Substance that forms an insoluble polymer of glucan on teeth |
Dextranducrase |
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Most common cause of lobar pneumonia |
Strep pneumoniae |
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Most common cause of otitis media |
Strep pneumoniae |
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Strep pneumoniae is normal flora of what part of the body |
Oropharynx |
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Strep pyogenes is normal flora of what part of the body |
Skin Oropharynx (smaller numbers) |
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Strep agalactiae is normal flora in which part of the body |
Vagina Colon |
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Three mechanisms of virulence of Group A strep |
Pyogenic inflammation: local site of organism in tissue Exotoxin production: systemic, areas where organism is not foungd Immunologic: cross-reaction with normal tissue |
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Why is the capsule of Strep pyogenes antiphagocytic? |
It is made of hyaluronic acid, which is a normal component of the human body, so no antibidies are formed against it |
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Three important inflammatory enzymes produced by group A strep |
Hyaluronidase Streptokinase DNase |
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Spreading factor of group A strep |
Hyaluronidase |
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Hyaluronidase role in group A strep |
Facilitates the rapid spread of S pyogenes in skin infections |
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Streptokinase role in group A strep |
Activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which dissolves fibrin in clots, thrombi and emboli |
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Role of DNase (streptodornase) in group A strep |
Degrades DNA in exudates or necrotic tissue. |
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Antibodies for which inflammation related enzyme of group A strep develops in pyoderma and can be used for diagnosis |
DNAse B |
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Important toxins and hemolysins produced by group A strep |
Erythrogenic toxin Streptolysin O Strepyolysin S Pyrogenic exotoxin A Exotoxin B |
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Which toxin of group A strep produces the rash of scarlet fever |
Erythrogenic toxin (pyrogenic exotixin) |
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Organism: Chinese character appearance |
Corynebacterium dipthariae |
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ELEK's test is used for what |
Toxigenicity of Corynebacterium diptheriae |
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The Schick test is used for what |
Susceptibility for Corynebacterium diptheriae |
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Organism: drumstick/ tennis racket appearance |
Clostridium tetani |
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Tetanospasmin blocks which neurotransmitters |
Glycine and GABA |
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Nagler reaction detects which toxin |
Alphatoxin lecithinase of Clostridium perfringes |
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Organism: medusa head colonies |
Bacillus anthrasis |
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Most common form of Bacillus anthracis infection |
Cutaneous |
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Organism: Black escar/ malignant pustule |
Bacillus antrhacis |
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Food poisoning associated with Bacillus cereus |
Reheated fried rice |
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Organism that causes food poisoning in reheated fried rice |
Bacillus cereus |
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Organism: Currant jelly sputum |
Kleibsiella pneumoniae |
Club sandwich |
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Most common atypical/walking pneumonia |
Mycoplasma pneumonieae |
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Woolsorter's disease |
Pulmonary infection of Bacillus anthracis |
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Culture used for Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
Eaton's agar |
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Stain used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Ziehl Nielsen stain |
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Organism: serpentine growth |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Medium used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture |
Lowenstein Jensen Medium |
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Substance responsible for caseous necrosis |
Phosphatides |
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SUbstance responsible for virulence of M. tuberculosis |
Trehalose mycolate (cord factor) |
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Organism: packs of cigar |
Mycobacterium leprae |
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How is Mycobacterium leprae cultured |
On the footpads of mice and armadillos |
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Organism cultures on the footpads of mice and armadillos |
Mycobacterium leprae |
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Organism: stalactite growth |
Yersinia pestis |
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Reservoir of Yersinia pestis |
Praierie dog |
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Most commonly transmitted STD |
Chlamydia |
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Food poisoning by Listeria monocytogenes |
Unpasteurized milk Cabbage |
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Organism that causes food poisoning in unpasturized milk and cabbage |
Literia monocytogenes |
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Which diagnostic test uses erythrogenic toxin |
Dick test |
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Meaning of positive Dick test (for S. pyogenes) |
Person lacks antitoxin |
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Hemolysin of Strep pyogenes that causes hemolysis only when cultures from under the surface of a blood agar plate |
Streptolysin O |
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ASO titer develops due to what hemolysin of group A strep |
Streptolysin O |
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Activated by oxygen: Streptolysin O or S |
O |
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Hemolysin of strep pyogenes that causes beta-hemolysis only when colonies grow under the surface of the blood agar plate |
Streptolysin O |
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Streptolysin S causes beta-hemoylsis when colonies grow: above or under the surface of a blood agar plate |
On the surface |
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Toxin responsible for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome |
Pyrogenic exotoxin A (Spe A, C) |
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Toxin of S. pyogenes that causes necrotizing fascitis |
Exotoxin B (Spe B) |
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Carom coin/draughtsman coin appearance |
Strep pneumoniae |
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Bacteria: Quellung reaction |
Strep pneumomiae |
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What is quellung reaction? |
Capsular swelling |
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Virulence factors of strep pneumoniae |
IgA protease Teichoic acid Pneumolysin O |
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Organism: Boiled lobster appearance Sandpaper/ Scarlatinaform rash Strawberry tongue Pharyngitis |
Strep pyogenes |
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Culture medium for Bordetela pertussis |
Bordet Gengou Medium |
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Culture medium for Corynebacterium diptheriae |
Loeffler's coagulated medium |
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Alpha hemolytic strep |
Viridans Pneumoniae Mutans |
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Beta hemolytic strep |
Pyogenes Agalactiae |
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How to differentiate S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae chemically |
S. agalactiae - Bacitran resistant, hippurate (+)
S. pyogenes - Bacitran sensitive |
Galactic pie without filling |
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How to differentiate S. pneumoniae and S. viridans |
S. pneunomoniae - Optochin sensitive, bile soluble S. viridans - Optochin resistant, bile insoluble |
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Gram positive cocci with hyaluronic acid in capsule |
S. pyogenes |
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Gram positive cocci with no capsule |
S. viridans |
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Gram-variable rod |
Gardenella vaginalis |
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Spore formers |
Clostridium Bacillus |
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Anaerobic spore formers |
Clostridium |
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Aerobic spore formers |
Bacillus |
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Three forms of anthrax |
Cutaneous Pulmonary Gastrointestinal |
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The capsule of Bacillus anthracis is made up of this substance |
D-glutamate |
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Bacteria with D-glutamate capsule |
Bacillus anthracis |
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Two toxins of Bacillus anthracis |
Edema factor Lethal factor |
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Bacteria: Edema factor Lethal factor Protective antigen |
Bacillus anthracis |
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Mechanism of Edema factor |
It is an adenylyl cyclase that increases cAMP, leading to movement of intracellular fluid into the extracellular space |
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Mechanism of Lethal factor |
It is a protease that cleaves the phosphokinase that activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal tranduction pathway in charge of growth of human cells. Thus, inhibits cell growth |
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Bacteria: mediastinal widening |
Bacillus anthracis |
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Treatment for Bacillus anthracis |
DOC: Ciprofloxacin Alternative: Doxycycline |
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Two toxins of Bacillus cereus |
Emetic toxin (heat-labile) Diarrheal toxin (heat-stable) |
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Function of protective antigen in Bacillius anthracis |
Entry into cell |
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Bacteria: blocks glycine and GABA |
Clostridium tetani |
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Cells that tetanus toxins block by snipping SNARE proteins |
Renshaw cells |
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Bacteria: produces toxins that block Renshaw cells |
Clostridium tetani |
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Mechanism of blocking Glycine and GABA release |
Snipping of SNARE proteins by toxins of Clostridium tetani |
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Bacteria: Floppy baby syndrome |
Clostridium botulinum |
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Bacteria: blocks Ach release |
Clostridium botulinum |
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Bacteria: descending paralysis |
Clostridium botulinum |
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Type of paralysis caused by Clostridium botulinum |
Descending paralysis |
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Two toxins produced by Clostridium dificile |
Exotoxin A Exotoxin B |
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Mechanism of Exotoxin B of Clostridium dificile |
Depolymerization of actin filaments in the gut, leading to formation of a pseudomembrane |
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Clostridium dificile toxin that targets the brush borders of the intestines causing watery diarrhea |
Exotoxin A |
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Bacteria: Exotoxin A that targets brush borders Exotoxin B that depolymerizes actin filaments |
Clostridium dificile |
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Bacteria: Gas gangrene Myonecrosis |
Clostridium perfringens |
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Bacteria: Late onset diarrhea due to spore formation after ingestion |
Clostridium perfringens |
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Exotoxin of Clostridium perfinges that disrupts the lipid bilayer of cells |
Alphatoxin lecithinase |
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Drug of choice for Clostridium perfringens |
Penicillin - first line Clindamycin - second line |
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Bacteria: inhibits Elongation factor by ADP ribosylation |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Pseudomonas aeroginosa |
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Most common bacterial cause of myocarditis |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
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Motility of Listeria monocytogenes |
In broth: tumbling motility In cells: Actin Jet motility |
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Bacteria: Pyocyanin Pyoverdin |
Pseudomonas aeroginosa |
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Blue pigment of Pseudomonas |
Pyocyanin |
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Pyoverdin |
Green pigment of Pseudomonas |
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Bacteria: icthyma gangrenosum |
Pseudomonas aeroginosa |
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Bacteria: bath tub folliculitis |
Pseudomonas aeroginosa |
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Maltose fermenter: Neisserria gonorrhea or meningitides |
Neisserria meningitides |
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Unencapsulated: Neisserria gonorrhea or meningitides |
Neisserria gonorrhea |
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Best serologic test for strep pyoderma |
Anti-DNAse |
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Gold standard for diagnosis of strep throat |
Throat swab |
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Histologic pattern of pseudomonas pneumonia |
Fleur de lis pattern (whitish necrotic center) |
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Culture medium for Neisseria meningitidis |
Thayer-Martin agar (complex chocolate agar) |
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Complement deficiencies that are high risk for Neisseria meningitidis infection |
C5-C9 deficiencies |
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Pathogen: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome |
Neisseria meningitidis |
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Endotoxin of Neisseria |
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) |
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Morphological forms of Chlamydia |
Elementary body - extracellular, infectious, resistant Reticulate body - intracellular, replicative, dependent |
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Infectious form of Chlamydia |
Elementary body |
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Intracellular form of Chlamydia |
Reticulate body |
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The inclusion bodies of CHlamydia trachomatis can be seen by which stain |
Iodine stain |
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Chlamydia trachomatis can be differentiated from other form sof Chlamydia on the basis of sensitivity to which antibiotic |
Sulfonamides |
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Reiter syndrome is caused by which pathogen |
Chlamydia trachomatis |
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Etiologic agent of parrot fever |
Chlamydiophilia psittaci |
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Disease caused by Chlamydophila psittaci |
Parrot fever |
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Most commonly associated CVS disease with Chlamydiae pneumoniae |
Coronary artery disease |
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Most common organ affected by Chlamydiophila psittaci |
Lungs |
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Most common extrapulmonary organs affected by Chlamydia psittaci |
Liver Heart Nervous system |
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Treatment for chlamydiae |
Tetracyclides Macrolides |
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DOC for Chlamydia psittaci and C. pneumoniae |
Tetracyclines |
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Confirmatory test for syphillis |
Darkfield microscopy |
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Nontreponemal tests for syphillis |
VDRL (venereal diseaes research laboratories) test RPR (rapid plasma reagin test) |
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Treponemal tests for syphillis |
FTA-ABS (fluorescent terponemal antibody absorption ) test MHA-TP (microhemagglutination |
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Disease caused by Treponema pallidum |
Syphillis |
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Most common screening test used for syphillis |
RPR test |
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Molecule detected by VDRL and RPR, released in the pathogenesis of syphillis |
Cardiolipin |
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Treponemal tests are based on which type of immunoglobulin |
IgG |
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Treponema infection with elevated, papilloma-like skin lesions |
Yaws |
|
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Worst form of secondary syphilis skin lesions |
Lues maligna |
|
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Most commonly affected bone in secondary syphilis |
Tibia |
|
|
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Most commonly seen rash in secondary syphilis |
Papulosquamous |
|
|
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Most common ocular manifestation of secondary syphilis |
Interstitial keratitis |
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Alternative treatment for syphilis for those who cannot tolerate penicillins |
Doxycycline |
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