Micro 22 Unit 1 Chapter 17

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antigen

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any subtstance that causes antibody formation; also called an Immunogen

- antigenic compouds are often components of invading microbes, capsules, cell walls, flagella, toxins

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antigenic determinants (epitopes) - fig.17.2

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a specific region on the surface of the antigen against which antibodies are formed; also called epitope

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hapten (how does a hapten differ from an antifen) fig.17.3

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a substance of low molecular weight that does not cause the formation of antibodies by itself but does so when combined with a carrier molecule

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major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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genes that code for histocompatibility antigensl also known as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex

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allergen

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an antigen that evokes a hypersensitivity response

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hypersensitivty

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an altered, enhanced ummune reaction leading to pathological changes; also called allergy

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T cells

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a type of lymphocyte; which develops from a stem cell processed in the thymus gland, that is responsible for cell-mediated immunity

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B cells

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a type of lymphocyte; differentiates into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells

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plasma cells

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a cell that an activated B cell differentiates into; plasma cells manugacture specific antibodies

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antigen-presenting cells: APCs pg. 480

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a macrophage, dedritic cell, or B cell that engulfs an antigen and presents fragments to T cells

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cytokines

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a small protein released from human cells that regulates the immune response; directly or indirectly may induce fever, pain or T cell proliferation

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interleukins

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a chemical that causes T-cell proliferation

- cyotkines that serve as communicators between leukocytes

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antibodies

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a protein produced by the body in reponse to an antigen, and capable of combining specigically with that antigen

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agglutination

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joining together or clumping of cells

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opsonization

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the enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganisms with certain serum proteins (opsonins); also called immune adherence

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antibody titer

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the amount of antibody in serum

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apoptosis

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natural programmed death of a cell; the residual fragments are disposed of by phagocytosis

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Innate Immunity

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host defenses that afford protection against any kind of pathogen

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Adaptive Immunity

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the ability, obatined during the life of the individual, to produce specific antibodies and T cells

- ability to differentiate between normal "self" cells and nonself

-ie. someone recovered from small pox, was always almsot immute to that particular disease when exposed again

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Is vaccination an example of innate or adaptive immunity? Why?

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adaptive immunity under artificially acquired active process.

antigens are introduced to the body which then the B cells will proliferate antibodies

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Humoral (antibody-mediated) Immunity

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immunity produced by antibodies dissolved in body fluids, mediated by B cells

- directed at antigens that are extracellular (ie. blood or other bodily fluids)

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Cellular (cell-mediated) Immunity

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an immune response that involves T cells binding to antigens presented on antigen-presenting cells; T cells then differentiate into several types of effector T cells

- best at fighting viruses that have infected a cell

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Antigen vs. Antibody

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Antigen - a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies

Antibody - proteins made in response of antigens. B cells give rise to antibodies

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Antibody vs. Antibiotic

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Antibody are produced by B cells (plasma cells) which are specific to combat a specific antigen.

Antibiotic is the substance produced by a microbe that is small amounts inhibit other microbes.

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Function of Antibodies

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Aggulination, antibodies "glue together" foreign cells

Opsonization, antibodies latch to a foreign cell enhancing phagocytosis.

Neutralization, antibodies latch toxins, viruses, and bacteria rendering them ineffective.

Complement Activation, antibodies latch to the foreign cell which then attack the "membrane attack complex" causing cell lysis.

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotxicity, antibodies latch to the foreign cell, cytotoxic T cell comes a lysis foreign cell

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Structural and Chemical Characteristics of Antibodies

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Functions of the 5 classes of Antibodies

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T-dependent antigens

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one that requires the presence of helper T cells to stimulate antibody production by B cells; most antigens are T-dependent.

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T-independent antigens

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an antigen that can trigger B lymphocytes (B cells) to produce antibodies without the participation of T lymphocytes.

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Plasma Cells

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are a form of B cells that produces antibodies

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Memory Cells

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are a form of B cells that generate a memory data for which it can be used during future attacks of the same antigen of the foreign cell

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Function of B cells

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- remove viruses, bacteria, and toxins from body tissue fluids and blood by recognizing antigens and making antibodies against them

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Clonal Selection Fig.17.6

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Differentiation of B Cells fig.17.6

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Stem cells differentiate into mature B cells each bearing surface immunoglobulins (antibodies) against a specific antigen

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Explain how an antibody reacts with an antigen; identify Four Consequences of the reaction fig.17.8

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Aggulination, antibodies "glue together" foreign cells

Opsonization, antibodies latch to a foreign cell enhancing phagocytosis.

Neutralization, antibodies latch toxins, viruses, and bacteria rendering them ineffective.

Complement Activation, antibodies latch to the foreign cell which then attack the "membrane attack complex" causing cell lysis.

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotxicity, antibodies latch to the foreign cell, cytotoxic T cell comes a lysis foreign cell

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Differentiate T helper cells (CD4+ T Cells), TH1, TH2 and TH17 fig.17.13 and Table 17.2

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M cells (function)

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cells that take up and transfer antigens to lymphoctyes, on Peyer's patches

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T cytotoxic cells

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T regulatory (Treg) cells

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Lymphocytes that appear to suppress other T cells

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Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

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a macrophage, dendritic cell. or B cell that engulfs an antigen and presents fragments to T cells

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Natural Killer (NK) cells

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a lymphoid cell that destroys tumor cells and virus-infected cells

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Primary Immune Response to an antigen

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- the first time the adaptive immune system meets and combats a particular foreign substance

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Secondary Immune Response to an antigen

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- later interactions with that same cell or substance, which will be faster and more effective as a result of a "memory" of the first infection

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Contrast the 4 types of adaptive immunity (fig.17.18)

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Which type of immunity, active or passive, lasts longer?

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Explain why Vaccination works

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Attenuated Vaccine

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Inactivated Vaccine

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Toxoid

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Subunit Vaccine

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Conjugated Vaccine

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Nucleic Acid (DNA) Vaccines

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