Memory (Psychology)

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Memory

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The ability to store and retrieve information over time.

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Encoding

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The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory.

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Storage

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The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

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Retrieval

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The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

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Elaborative Encoding

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the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory.

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Visual Imagery Encoding

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The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.

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Organizational Encoding

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The act of categorizing information by notcing the relationships among a series of items.

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Memory Storage

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The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

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Sensory Memory Store

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The place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less.

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Iconic Memory

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A fast-decaying store of visual information.

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Echoic Memory

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A fast-decaying store of auditory information.

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Memory Storage

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The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

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Sensory Memory Store

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The place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less.

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Iconic Memory

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A fast-decaying store of visual information.

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Short-term memory store

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A place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.

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Rehearsal

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The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it.

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Chunking

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Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

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Working Memory

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Active maintenance of information in short-term storage.

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Long-term Memory Store

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A place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years.

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Anterograde Amnesia

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The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store.

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Retrograde Amnesia

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The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation.

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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

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Enhanced neural processing that result from the strengthening of synaptic connections.

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NMDA Receptor

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A hippocmapal receptor site that influences the flow of information from one neuron to another across the synapse by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation.

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Retrieval Cue

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External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind.

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Encoding Specificity Principle

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The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific reminder when it helps way in which information was initially encoded.

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State-Dependent Retrieval

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The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.

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Trasfer- Appropriate Processing

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The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later.

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Explicit Memory

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The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences.

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Implicit Memory

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The influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them.

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Procedural Memory

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The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how," to do things.

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Priming

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An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus.

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Semantic memory

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A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.

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Episodic Memory

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The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

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Transience

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Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.

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Retroactive Interference

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Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.

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Proactive Interference

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Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.

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Absentmindedness

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A lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

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Blocking

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A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.

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Tip-of-The-Tongue Experience

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The temporary inability in memory even thought you are trying to produce it.

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Memory Misattribution

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Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.

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Source Memory

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Recall of when, where and how information was acquired.

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False Recognition

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A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before.

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Suggestibility

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The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.

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Bias

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The distorting influences of present knowledge, belief, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.

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Persistence

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The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.

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Flashbulb Memories

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Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events.