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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Casualty (ordinary meaning) |
x causes y |
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Casualty (scientific meaning) |
x is one of the many possible causes of y |
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3 conditions of casualty |
1. Concomitant variation 2. Time Order of Occurrence of Variables 3. Elimination of other casual factors. |
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concomitant variation |
the extent to which a cause, X and an effect, Y occur together under the hypothesis that is under consideration |
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Time Order of Occurrence of Varialbes |
the causing event must occur either before or simultaneously with the effect. |
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Absence of Other possible Casual Factors |
the factor or variable being investigated should be the only possible casual explanation. |
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two types of validity |
1.internal validity 2. external validity |
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Internal validity |
measures the accuracy of an experiment. measures if the independent variable actually caused the effect of the dependent variable. |
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external validity |
determines can the results found in an experiment be generalized |
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3 classifications of eperimental design |
1. pre-experimental 2. true experimental 3. statistical design |
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pre-experimental designs |
designs that lack randomization |
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True experimental designs |
a subject is randomly assigned to a group |
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Statistical design |
experiments that allow for statistical control and analysis |
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measurement |
assigning numbers to characteristic according to set rules |
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scaling |
a continuum which measured objects are located |
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4 primary scales of measurement |
1. nominal 2. ordinal 3. interval 4. ratio |
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nominal |
numbers are only used as label or tags for identifying objects. |
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ordinal |
numbers are used to indicate relative position of an object. |
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interval |
numbers are used to compare difference between objects |
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ratio |
fixed absolute zero, can be used to compute |
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comparative scales |
objects are evaluated in relation to each other |
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non-comparative |
objects are independently evaluated |
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paired comparison scaling |
respondent is presented with two objects and asked to select one according to some criterion. |
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rank-oreder scaling |
respondent is presented with multiple objects and is asked to put them in order/rank |
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constant sum scaling |
respondent is asked to allocate a sum of units |
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continuous rating scale |
place a mark on a continuous line |
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itemized rating scale |
respondents are provided with a scale that has a number/brief description attached |
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Likert scale |
respondents indicates a degree of agreement |
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semantic differential scale |
7 point rating scale with bipolar labels |
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Stapel scale |
unipolar rating scale, numbered from -5 to 5+ |
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3 objectives of Questionnaires |
1. translate information into questions a respondent can and will answer 2. must uplift and motivate respondant to get involved 3. minimize response error |
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10 step questionnaire design process |
1. specify info needed 2. specify type of interviewing method 3. determine the content of individual questions 4. overcome respondants inabilty/willingness to answer questions 5. decide question structure 6. determine question wording 7. arrange question in proper order 8 choose form/layout 9. reproduce questionnaire 10. pretest questionnaire |
