Kinesiology- Joint Structure & Function (For Exam 1)

Front 1

Joint Category, Synarthrosis is ___ & and consists of what time of joints?

Back 1

Interosseus connective tissue

Fibrous & Cartilaginous joints

Front 2

Synarthrosis is:

Back 2

1. Connective tissue used to connect bony components
2. Grouped into two divisions according to type of connective tissue used in the union of bone to bone.
3. Slight to no movement allowed

Front 3

Fibrous Joints consist of:

Back 3

Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis

Front 4

Suture Joint is:

Back 4

a joint in which two bony components are united by a thin layer of dense fibrous tissue.

**Edges generally interlock or overlap one another.

Front 5

Gomphosis Joint is:

Back 5

A joint in which the surfaces of bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole

Ex. A tooth – between mandible and maxilla.

Front 6

Syndesmosis Joint is:

Back 6

A type of fibrous joint in which two bony components are joined directly by a ligament, a fibrous cord or aponeurotic membrane

Front 7

Tri-Malleolar Fracture or Severa ankle Sprain can:

Back 7

cause separation of tibia and fibula

**May require surgery to stabilize.

Front 8

Cartilaginous Joints consists of:

Back 8

1. Symphysis
2. Synchondrosis

**Sometimes called “Amphiarthrotic Joints"

Front 9

Symphysis Joint is:

Back 9

two bony segments are covered by thin lamina of hyaline cartilage and directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or plate

**Allow limited to moderate amounts of movement

Front 10

Cartilaginous Joints:

Back 10

exist near the midline of the body

Front 11

Sychondrosis Joints are:

Back 11

1. A type of joint in which the material used for connecting the two components is hyaline growth cartilage. (primary cartilaginous joint)
2. Permits growth while also providing stability & small amount of mobility.

Front 12

Synostoses is:

Back 12

When bone growth is complete, some of these joints ossify and convert to bony unions

Front 13

Diarthroses:

Back 13

In a synovial joint the ends of bones are free to move in relation to one another because no cartilaginous tissue directly connects adjacent bony surfaces

The bony components are indirectly connected to one another by means of a joint capsule that encloses the joint.

Front 14

Synovial Joints have:

Back 14

A joint capsule that is composed of two layers.

A joint cavity that is enclosed by the joint capsule.

Synovial tissue that lines the inner surface of the capsule.

Synovial fluid that forms a film over the joint surfaces
“Synovial Joint”

Hyaline cartilage that covers the surfaces of the enclosed contiguous bones.

Front 15

Stratum Synovium is:

Back 15

Inner layer, highly vascularized but poorly innervated. Insensitive to pain.
Synthesizes hyaluronate of synovial fluid.

Front 16

Subsynovial Tissue:

Back 16

lies outside the intima as loose network of highly vascularized fibrous connective tissue.
Adheres to outer capsule and supports intima.

Front 17

Stratum Fibrosum:

Back 17

Collagen & elastin account -90% of dry weight
Water-70% of wet weight.

Front 18

Whats the LAYER between Stratum fibrosum and stratum synovium?

Back 18

Subsynovial Tissue

Front 19

Know this for the Test!!! :)

Back 19

**Do not need to know the Groups for the Receptors!!

Front 20

Synovial Joint Features consist of:

Back 20

1. A joint capsule that is formed of fibrous tissue.
2. A joint cavity that is enclosed by the joint capsule.
3. A synovial membrane that lines the inner surface of the capsule.
4.Synovial fluid that forms film over the joint surfaces.
5. Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces.
6. Ligaments & muscles surrounding.
7. Reduces friction between bony components.
8. Fluid provides nourishment for hyaline cartilage.

Front 21

Synovial Fluid is:

Back 21

Similar to blood plasma, but contains hyaluronic acid and lubricin

Hyaluronate responsible for viscosity of fluid.
Hyaluronate reduces friction between synovial folds of capsule and joint surface.
Lubricin responsible for cartilage-on cartilage lubrication.

Front 22

In Synovial Fluid, Hyaluronate does what?

Back 22

1. Responsible for viscosity of fluid.
2. Reduces friction between synovial folds of capsule and joint surface.

Front 23

In Synovial Fluid, Lubricin is responsible for:

Back 23

cartilage-on cartilage lubrication

Front 24

Thixotropic is when:

Back 24

1. Viscosity of fluid varies inversely w/ joint velocity or rate of shear.
2. When bony components moving rapidly viscosity decreased, slowly viscosity increased
3. High temperatures decrease, low temperatures increase viscosity.

Front 25

Boundary Lubrication of Synovial Joints is when:

Back 25

Each surface is coated or impregnated with a thin layer of molecules that keeps the opposing surfaces from touching.

**Forms Gels

Front 26

Fluid Lubrication of Synovial Joints is when:

Back 26

Film of fluid, maintained under pressure, holds two joint surfaces apart

Front 27

Hydrostatic or Weeping Lubrication is when:

Back 27

Load bearing surfaces are held apart by film of lubricant that is maintained under pressure



Calcified cartilage keeps fluid from being forced into subchondral bone.
When load is removed, fluid flows back into articular cartilage.

Front 28

Weeping Lubrication compression causes:

Back 28

Compression causes cartilage to deform & to “weep” fluid, which forms fluid film over the articular surfaces

Calcified cartilage keeps fluid from being forced into subchondral bone.

When load is removed, fluid flows back into articular cartilage.

Front 29

Hydrodynamic Lubrication is a:

Back 29

Wedge of fluid is created when non-parallel opposing surfaces slide on one another

**Lifting pressure generated in wedge of fluid & by fluids viscosity keeps joint surfaces apart.

Front 30

Squeeze Film Lubrication is when pressure is:

Back 30

Created in fluid film by movement of articular surfaces that are perpendicular to one another. Good for High Loads short duration!

**As opposing surfaces move closer together, they squeeze fluid film our of area of impending contact.

Front 31

What are the 3 types of Synovial Joints?

Back 31

1. Uniaxial Diarthrodial
2. Biaxial Diarthrodial
3. Triaxial

Front 32

Uniaxial Diarthrodial, of the 3 types of Snyovial Joints:

Back 32

Allows motion in one plane around one axes

Axis located near or in the center of joint (1° of Freedom)

Ex. Hinge Joints, Pivot Joints

Front 33

Biaxial Diarthrodial, of the 3 types of Snyovial Joints:

Back 33

Allows motion within two planes around two axes

Ex. Saddle Joints

Front 34

Triaxial, of the 3 types of Snyovial Joints:

Back 34

Allows motion within three planes around three axes

Ex. Plane Joints, Ball-and- Socket Joints

Front 35

Uniaxial Hinge Joints are:

Back 35

Diarthrodial joints
Permits motion around a single axis.

Ex. Similar to door hinge, IP joints of fingers

Front 36

Pivot (Trochoid) Joints are:

Back 36

1st Component: Shaped like a ring

2nd Component: Shaped so that it can rotate within the ring

Ex. AA joint, radiohumeral joint

Front 37

Biaxial Diarthrodial Joint where:

Back 37

the bony components are free to move in two planes of movement (2° of freedom)

Front 38

There are two types of Biaxial Joints, what are they?

Back 38

1. Saddle
2. Condyloid

Front 39

Condyloid Joints are:

Back 39

shaped so that the concave surface of one bony component is allowed to slide over the convex surface of another component in two directions

Ex. MCP joint of fingers

Front 40

This is a type of what joint?

Back 40

Condyloid Joint (Biaxial)

Front 41

Saddle Joint is

Back 41

each joint surface is both convex in one plane and concave in another (Fit like a rider on a saddle)

Ex. CMC joint of thumb, sternoclavicular joint

Front 42

Triaxial or Multiaxial Diarthrodial Joints are:

Back 42

Joints in which bony components are allowed to move in three planes around three axes (3° of freedom)

Ex. Plane joints, ball-&–socket joints

Front 43

Plant Joints:

Back 43

Permit gliding between two or more bones.

Adjacent surfaces may glide or rotate w/ regard to one another in any plane.

Ex. Carpal joints

Front 44

Ball & Socket Joints are:

Back 44

Formed by a ball-like convex surface being fitted into a concave socket

Ex. Hip & shoulder joints.

Front 45

Kinematic Chains can be:

Back 45

Opened or Closed

**In the human body each limb could be thought of as a portion of a rigid chain

Front 46

Open Kinetic Chain is:

Back 46

When the ends of limbs or parts of the body are free to move without causing motion at another joint.

Motion does not occur in a predictable pattern.

Front 47

Characteristics of Open Kinetic Chain Examples are:

Back 47

1. Distal end of extremity free in space/not in contact w/ fixed object
2. Movement pattern named by rotary stress in joint.
3. Joint movements occur in isolation.
4. Muscle recruitment & movements are isolated.
5. Joint axis stable during movement.
6. Proximal portion of joint stable – distal segment mobile.
7. Movement pattern often non functional
8. Movement causes shear forces in joint.

Front 48

Closed Kinetic Chain occurs:

Back 48

When the ends of limbs meet a fixed resistance such as in weight bearing, like squating

Motion will occur in a predictable pattern.

Front 49

Characteristics of Closed Kinetic Chain Examples are:

Back 49

1. Distal end of segment fixed to something.
2. Movement pattern is characterized by linear stress in joint.
3. Multiple joint movements occur simultaneously/Both segments move together
4. Co-contraction of muscle around joint.
5. Movement is not inhibited.
6. Loading is physiological & more functional.
7. Movement causes compression, enhancing stability

Front 50

According to Steindler, a true closed kinematic chain exist only when?

Back 50

During isometric exercise, since by definition, neither the proximal nor distal joint can move in a closed system

Front 51

There are 3 Arthrokinematics, What are they?

Back 51

1. Roll
2. Spin
3. Slide

Front 52

Arthrokinematics is:

Back 52

Movement of the joint surfaces
Movements include roll, sliding and spin.

Front 53

The "Roll" in Arthrokinematics refers to:

Back 53

The rolling of one joint surface on another, as in a tire rolling on the road

Ex. In the Knee the femoral condyles roll on the fixed tibia

Front 54

"Sliding" in Arthrokinematics refers to:

Back 54

A pure translatory motion, which refers to the gliding of one component over other, like wheels sliding on ice

Ex. In the shoulder the humerus slides inferior during abduction.

Front 55

"Spin" in Arthrokinematics refers to:

Back 55

A pure rotary motion
Rotation of a movable component

Ex. At the elbow, the head of the radius spins on the capitulum of the humerus during supination or pronation.

Front 56

In Arthrokinematics, what does Ovoid and Sellar mean:

Back 56

Ovoid: One surface convex and one concave.
Sellar: Each surface has both convex and concave.

Front 57

Convex on Concave =

Back 57

Opposite: So roll has to go in the opposite direction of slide

**Important for Immobilization

Front 58

Concave on Convex =

Back 58

Same, So the Roll and slide go in the same direction

**Important for Immoblization

(Slide/Glide meaning the same thing)

Front 59

Osteokinematics refers to:

Back 59

Movement of the bones rather than the movement of the articular surfaces

**Extent of the anatomic range is determined by a number of factors, including the shape of the joint surfaces, the joint capsule, ligaments, muscle bulk, & surrounding musculotendinous & bony structures.

Front 60

Name 3 Osteokinematics:

Back 60

1. Hypermobile
2. Hypomobile
3. Contracture

Front 61

In Osteokinematics, Hypermobile is:

Back 61

When ROM exceeds the normal limit.

May be caused by a failure to limit motion by either the bony or soft tissues and can result in instability or laxity.

Front 62

In Osteokinematics, Hypomobile is when:

Back 62

ROM is less than what would normally be permitted by a normal structure

May be caused by bony or cartilaginous blocks to motion or by the inability of the capsule or ligaments to elongate sufficiently to allow normal ROM.

Front 63

In Osteokinematics, Contracture is:

Back 63

The shortening of soft tissue structures around a joint

**Can be permanent

Front 64

Joint Structure are 4 parts, what are they:

Back 64

1. Ligaments and Tendons
2. Bursae
3. Cartilage
4. Bone

Front 65

Ligaments and Tendons in joint structure are what:

Back 65

Fibroblasts is 20% : tissue volume
80% : extracellular components

Collagen fibers:
Tendons = parallel arrangement
Ligaments =varied arrangement

Front 66

Bursae in joint structure is what:

Back 66

Flat sacs of Synovial Membrane in which the inner sides of the sacs are separated by a fluid film to decrease friction

Located where moving structures are in tight approximation

Front 67

Bursae are located between:

Back 67

Bones and tendon
Bone and skin
Muscle and bone
Ligament and bone

Front 68

There are three types are Bursae, what are they?

Back 68

Subcutaneous
Subtendinous
Submuscular

Front 69

Subcutaneous Bursae is:

Back 69

Generally found between bone and skin.

Front 70

Subtendinous Bursae lies:

Back 70

Between tendon and bone.

Front 71

Submuscular Bursae lies:

Back 71

Between muscle and bone

Front 72

Cartilage in Joint structure is what?

Back 72

Large extracellular matrix & small cellular component

Components different from that of tendons and ligaments

**Contains Chondrocytes, Type II collagen & small amounts of Type IX & XI collagens

Front 73

There are 3 types are Cartilage what are they?

Back 73

1. White Fibrocartilage
2. Yellow Fibrocartilage
3. Hyaline Cartilage

Front 74

White Fibrocartilage contains:

Back 74

Type I cartilage

Forms the bonding cement in joints that permit little motion

Found in the intervetebral disk. ( Don’t a lot of motion exists)

Front 75

Yellow Fibrocartilage is found:

Back 75

In ears & epiglottis

Has a higher ratio of elastin to collagen fibers

**Ligamentum of flavum sometime called this

Front 76

Hyaline Cartilage forms:

Back 76

A thin covering on the ends of many of the bones in adults

Front 77

Bones Cellular Components consists of:

Back 77

Fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor cells

**Bones have hardest connective tissue in the body

Front 78

Osteoblasts:

Back 78

lay down bone

Front 79

Osteoclasts:

Back 79

responsible for bone resorption

Front 80

Muscles Functions have:

Back 80

Active & Passive Insufficiency

Front 81

Active Insufficiency in muscles function cannot be:

Back 81

Shorten anymore to a point at , has to be a two joint muscles no more sliding of myofilaments can occur

They also have diminished ability of a bi-articulate muscle to produce or to maintain active tension

Front 82

Passive Insufficieny in muscle functions do not have:

Back 82

enough length to get to full ROM (tightness is occurring & unable to move farther; occurs in two joint muscles)

**Occurs when an inactive, potentially antagonistic muscle is of insufficient length to permit completion of full ROM available at the joints crossed by the passive muscle.

Front 83

Spurt Muscles have:

Back 83

Proximal attachment that is far from the joint axis & distal attachment that is close to the joint axis

Ex: Biceps, Triceps
*These muscles have relatively large rotary component

Front 84

Shunt Muscles have:

Back 84

Proximal attachment that is close to the joint axis & distal attachment far away from the joint axis

Provide a large compression force since they have a large translatory component.

Ex: Brachioradialis