Introduction To Music Styles Quiz#4 Vocab

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binary Form

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two part form (a b), no repitition

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cadenza

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an unaccompanied passage in free rhythm in which the soloist displays their virtuosity.

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chamber music

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works for solo instruments performing together in small ensembles, such as a string quartet, a woodwind quintet, or a piano trio. each part is played on one instrument (no doubling).

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concerto

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a three-movement work for solo instrument and orchestra that emerged during the Baroque period and has been a common instrumental genre ever since. The concerto grosso was an important genre of this period that featured a small group of soloists with orchestra. (fast-slow-fast with cadenza)

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diatonic

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the eight tones of a standard major or minor scale. a melody is diatonic if most of its pitches are derived from these eight notes.

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chromatic

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proceeding by half steps, using sharps or flats. notes outside a standard major or minor scale. a melody is chromatic if many of its pitches are not derived from the standard major or minor scale.

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minuet and trio

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a stately dance movement in triple meter in a-b-a form. it is often the third movement of a symphony or string quartet. a scherzo and trio form is similar but has a faster tempo and increased rhythmic energy; its function is the same as that of the minuet and trio.

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opera

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a dramatic stage production that involves soloists who sing arias and recitatives, solo ensembles, choruses, dancing, dramatic action, costumes, staging, and orchestral accompaniment. it began at the beginning of the Baroque era and evolved into a genre that continues in popularity.

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rondo

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a musical form consisting of two or more contrasting theme areas, each followed by a return to the opening theme. the rondo is commonly used as the spirited final movement of Classic-era sonatas, symphonies, and string quartets.

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sonata

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in the Baroque period, a multimovement work written for a solo instrument and continuo; also the trio sonata written for two solo instruments and continuo; since the Classic era, a multimovement work for piano or for a solo instrument with piano. (fast-slow-dance-fast)

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sonata form

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common first movement form. three main sections - exposition, development, and recapitulation - and often begins with and introduction and ends with a coda. the exposition has two theme areas in contrasting keys. the development is based on material from the exposition. the recapitulation is a return to previous material stated in the exposition. PTSK. (pg. A.47)

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symphony

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a multimovement work for symphony orchestra. fast-slow-dance-fast. this pattern was standard in the classic period but less adhered to in the romantic and modern eras.

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ternary form

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three-part form (a b a), the first theme is followed by a contrasting section, after which the first phrase or section is repeated.

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theme and variations

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an instrumental form in which a stated theme is followed by a series of variations on that theme.

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pianoforte

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(a predecessor to the piano) displaced the harpsichord in popularity and was used as a solo instrument or as an equal member in chamber ensembles

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string quartet

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two violins, one viola, one cello

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dance suite

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a multimovement work for keyboard or orchestra. it includes contrasting, stylized dances popular in the Baroque period. the principal dances are the allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue.

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fugue

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and imitative polyphonic composition that originated as a keyboard genre during the Baroque period. it is, however, a compositional technique used during and since the Baroque in both choral and instrumental music. a fugue is built on a single theme whose entrances appear imitatively in several voices, usually three or four, and then are developed in intricate contrapuntal interplay.

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overture (French overture)

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a festive opening to an opera or other musical stage production. it sets the tone, sometimes identifies principal themes and characters, and prepares an audience for the opening scene. in the Baroque era, the French overture was a popular instrumental genre, and in the Romantic period, the concert overture assumed even greater popularity.

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trio sonata

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written for two solo instruments and continuo.

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absolute music

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music created for its own sake without extramusical connotation. examples include the sonata, symphony, concerto, and string quartet, as well as preludes, fuges, etudes, and other works whose titles point to only form or function.

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ballet

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stage production featuring formal, stylized dance performances with a story or a unified theme. developed popularity as an independent genre in the nineteenth century.

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miniatures

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a small-scale composition, that became popular in the Romantic era, perhaps as an alternative to the massive size and sounds of the symphony orchestra. (art song, lied, character piece)

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art song

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solo song with piano accompaniment

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lied; lieder

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set to German poetry (schubert)

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character piece

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one-movement work for solo piano: impromptus, nocturnes, mazurkas, etudes, polonaises, and preludes. (chopin)

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nationalistic music

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concert art music that reflects national or regional rather than universal characteristics. the music may describe something derived from the folk or popular traditions of a nation; its history, tales, or legends; its cultural characteristics; or a place that is important to the nation or region.

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program music

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music that depicts images, moods, stories, characters, and other nonmusical associations. it includes all music with text and many instrumental forms common during the Romantic period, including the symphonic poem and some symphonies that were created with programmatic associations.

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symphonic poem

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a programmatic, one-movement work for symphony orchestra with contrasting moods. it became popular during the Romantic period.

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libretto

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the words to an opera or other musical stage production. the person who writes the story is the librettist.

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rubato

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a flexible pulse - not restricted by a steady beat. contributes to a highly expressive style.

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Allemande

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traditionally first movement of a dance suite.

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Courante

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lively dance in 3/4 time

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Gigue

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final movement of a dance suite. fast dance normally with a meter of 6/8.

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toccata

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(toccare - "to touch") These are keyboard compositions in which one hand, and then the other, performs virtuosic runs and brilliant cascading passages against a chordal accompaniment in the other hand.

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prelude

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generally features a small number of rhythmic and melodic motifs that recur through the piece. stylistically, the prelude is improvisatory in nature.

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ripieno

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he larger of the two ensembles in the concerto grosso. This is opposed to the concertino which are the soloists. also the notes added when realizing the figured bass of a basso continuo.

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tutti

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(everybody) It may refer to an orchestral passage in which every member of the orchestra (or a section of an orchestra) is playing at once.

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fantasia

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(fantasy) a free musical composition structured according to the composer's fancy.

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chamber sonata

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used to describe a group of instrumental pieces set into three or four different movements, beginning with a prelude, or small sonata, acting as an introduction for the following movements.this was also known as a trio sonata

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church sonata

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composition dating from the Baroque period, generally consisting of four movements. more than one melody was often used, and the movements were ordered slow–fast–slow–fast. the second movement was usually a fugal allegro, and the third and fourth were binary forms that sometimes resembled the sarabande and gigue.

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Sarabande

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slow, stately spanish dance in 3/4 time

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concert overture

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intended specifically as an individual concert piece without reference to stage performance and generally based on some literary theme.

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incidental music

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often "background" music that adds atmosphere to the action. it may also include pieces such as overtures

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music drama

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wagner's ideal art form in which music, drama, poetry, and stagecraft would all have equal emphasis. symphonic in nature with strong emphasis on orchestral color - notably, the powerful brass instruments. extensive use of the leitmotiv (recurring musical motive associated with a character or a mood) it contributed unity to his music in the absence of more traditional forms and structures.