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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who wrote: Theogony
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Hesiod
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Who wrote: Republic
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Plato
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Who wrote: Apology
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Plato
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Who wrote: Crito
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Plato
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Who wrote: Phaedo
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Plato
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Who wrote: Meno
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Plato
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Who wrote: Nicomachean Ethics
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Aristotle
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Who wrote: Politics
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Aristotle
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Who wrote: Meditations (To Himself)
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Marcus Aurelius
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Who wrote: Enneads
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Porphyry
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Who wrote: Consolation of Philosophy
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Boethius
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Who wrote: Summa Theologica
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Thomas Aquinas
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Arche
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The Greek word for first principle, meaning origin/beginning
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Apeiron
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Means the unlimited
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Form
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The 'real' world that is eternal and unchanging, not the physical world
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Matter
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What the physical world is made out of
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Telos
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- The final cause of something.
- The transition towards a thing’s telos is expressed as a movement from potentiality to actuality |
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Eudaimonia
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Greek word for happiness, literally means to ‘have a good demon’, but we translate it as ‘well-being’
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Cosmos
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Greek word for universe
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Microcosmos
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A microcosm of the greater cosmos (i.e. a ‘little universe’)
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Virtue
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- Means excellence in Greek
- To be a virtuous person is to be an excellent person and an excellent person will be happy |
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Apatheia
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A state of inner calm, literally means a lack of suffering
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Ataraxia
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Freedom from inner turmoil and fear
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Aponia
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The absence of physical pain
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Nous
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- Plotinus' Second Ultimate Reality: Intellect
- The Greek word for thought |
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The One
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- Plotinus' First Ultimate Reality: The One
- The source of everything else: God - Equivalent to The Good |
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The Good
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- Illumines the world of Forms/Ideas
- The source of everything - Equivalent to The One |
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Void
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The space within which atoms can move
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Atom
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- Greek for indivisible
- Tiny, indivisible bits of matter |
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Deterministic
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There is no physical freedom in the universe
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Anthropomorphism
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Greek word for personification
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Virtue Ethic
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Focusing on acquiring the virtues (excellences)
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Potentiality
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The ability to develop or come into existence
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Actuality
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All things are when they are real in the fullest sense, and not just potentially real
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The Cave
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- We are prisoners in a cave and all we can see is the shadows on the back wall
- Because we don’t know any better, we mistake the shadows (appearances) for reality - If one is freed and goes outside we will be blinded by the sun - Initially he will not believe his eyes because the real world is so different from the shadows - Eventually he will come to realize that this is the ‘real’ world - The Good illumines the world of Ideas just as the sun illumines the physical world |
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Divided Line
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- Divide a line into unequal parts
- Visible world on the left - Intelligible world on the right - Visible world is the world of appearances - Intelligible world is the world of Ideas and Forms, this is the 'real' world |
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Midwife
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- Also called the doctrine of recollection
- Since the Forms and the soul are both eternal, nothing new can ever be learned - Therefore the soul already possesses all real knowledge - However, we have forgotten this knowledge due to the traumatic experience of childbirth - The philosopher is like a midwife, who helps us give birth to the knowledge we already have |
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Hedonism
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- The view that pleasure is the chief aim in life
- Epicurus defined pleasure as the absence of pain |
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Temperance
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The mean between abstention and over-indulgence
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Golden Mean
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- The practical guide to ethical decision making
- Aristotle defines virtue as the mean between 2 extremes - Example: Courage is the mean between cowardice and foolishness |
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First Mover
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- Comes from Aquinas' Summa Theologica
- Pure actuality: God - There cannot be Infinite Regress therefore there has to be a First Mover / Unmoved Mover |
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Unmoved Mover
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- Comes from Aquinas' Summa Theologica
- Pure actuality: God - There cannot be Infinite Regress therefore there has to be a First Mover / Unmoved Mover |
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Logic
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How to think properly (also involves psychology and formal reasoning) (Stoicism)
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Ethics
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The proper way to live (Stoicism)
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Physics
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Our understanding of the natural world (Stoicism)
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Ex Nihilo
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Greek meaning 'from nothing'
Ex: No Greek equivalent for ‘creation ex nihilo’ (creation from nothing) |
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Logos
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- Greek word for word, speech, thought, reason, etc.
- Also another name for God - Everything that happens in the universe because the Logos wills it (Logos doesn't have personality) |
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Problem of Evil
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- Comes from Aquinas' Summa Theologica
- God is infinite goodness and there shouldn't be evil, but there is so there is no God |
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Cosmological Argument
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- The First Cause / The First Mover / The Unmoved Mover
- There cannot be Infinite Regress therefore there has to be something that started it: God |
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Infinite Regress
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A causal relationship transmitted through an indefinite number of terms in a series, with no term that begins the causal chain
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Who is Hesiod?
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Wrote the Greek creation story Theogony (meaning birth of the Gods)
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Who is Thales?
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- One of the 3 earliest philosophers
- First to give a naturalistic explanation of the world - Everything is composed of one simple substance: Water |
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Who is Anaximander?
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- One of the 3 earliest philosophers
- First Greek to make a map of the world - Agreed with Thales that everything reduces to one principle, but not water, it was the arche - Arché couldn’t be one of the 4 fundamental elements (Fire, Earth, Air, Water) - The arché must be some undefined thing that underlies the elements: the apeiron |
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Who is Anaximenes?
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- One of the 3 earliest philosophers
- Most modern of the 3 - Rejects apeiron, it is unobservable, so why believe it - Air is the arché |
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What are 4 dialogues about the trial and death of Socrates?
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- Euthyphro
- Apology - Crito - Phaedo |
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Who founded the Academy in Athens?
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Plato
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What are the 3 faculties of the soul?
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- The Appetitive Faculty: The seat of desire (the appetites)
- The Irascible Faculty: The seat of anger, heroism, and inner strength (the temper) - The Rational Faculty: The seat of reason and deliberation (the reason) |
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How does one achieve a just and healthy soul?
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- A just and healthy soul is one in which the reason uses the temper to control the appetites
- A healthy reason possesses the virtue of wisdom - A healthy temper possesses the virtue of courage - A healthy appetite possesses the virtue of temperance and moderation |
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What are the 3 types of people that make up a just society according to Plato?
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- Wage Earners : Appetites : Temperance
- Auxiliaries : Temper : Courage - Guardians : Reason : Wisdom |
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Who is Plato?
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- Socrates lead disciple
- Founded the “Academy” in Athens, the first philosophical school - Wrote: The Republic, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, and Meno |
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Who is Aristotle?
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- Plato's lead disciple
- Founder of "The Lyceum", in Athens - Wrote: Nicomachean Ethics and Politics |
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Who founded the Lyceum in Athens?
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Aristotle
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Who invented the science of taxonomy?
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Aristotle
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What is hylomorphism?
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- Meaning form and matter together
- There is no separate ideal world of which this world is merely a copy - This world (the physical world) is the real world |
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What are Aristotle's 4 Causes?
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- The Material Cause
- The Formal Cause - The Efficient Cause - The Final Cause |
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Who is Zeno of Citium?
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- Founder of stoicism and began teaching in Athens
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What are the 3 areas of stoicism?
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- Physics: our understanding of the natural world
- Logic: how to think properly (also involves psychology and formal reasoning) - Ethics: the proper way to live |
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Who is Epictetus?
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A stoic Roman slave
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Who is Marcus Aurelius?
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- A stoic Roman emperor
- Wrote: The Meditations (To Himself) |
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Who is Leucippus?
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The first atomist
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Who is Democritus?
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- An atomist
- Was Leucippus' pupil, but became more famous |
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Who founded the Garden in Athens?
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Epicurus
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Who is Epicurus?
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- Founded the Garden
- Introduced the swerve - Was a hedonist - Sought to attain ataraxia (freedom from inner turmoil and fear) and aponia (the absence of physical pain) |
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Who is Plotinus?
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- Founded Later Platonism
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Who is Porphyry?
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- Plotinus' disciple
- Edited and rearranged Plotinus’ writing, publishing them as The Enneads |
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What are the 3 fundamental hypostases of Plotinus' Doctrine?
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- Frist Ultimate Reality: The One
- Second Ultimate Reality: Intellect (Nous) - Third Ultimate Reality: World-Soul |
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Who is St. Augustine?
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- Influenced by Plotinus
- Was a Manichaean: believed the universe was divided between good and evil, and that matter is evil (ex. Star Wars) |
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Who is Tertullian of Carthage?
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- What does philosophy have to do with revealed religion? Nothing
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Who is Justin Martyr?
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- Justin is considered a saint (known as St. Justin the Philosopher in the East)
- Pagan Philosophy a schoolmaster to bring the Gentiles to Christ |
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Who is Boethius?
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Wrote the Consolation of Philosophy
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Who is Thomas Aquinas?
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- Wrote Summa Theologica
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What are 2 reasons, based on Summa Theologica, that God does not exist?
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- The Problem of Evil
- The Unnecessary Hypothesis |
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What reason, based on Summa Theologica, that God exists?
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The First Mover/Unmoved Mover
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Who is Origen?
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- Christian theologian
- Classmate of Plotinus |
