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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Everyone agrees that moral claims exist, but...
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... they disagree about how to understand moral claims.
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Cognitivism
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Moral claims are true or false
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Non-cognitivism
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Moral claims are not true or false
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Emotivism
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Non-cognitivism: Moral claims are expressions of emotions about a certain topic, but do not comment on right or wrong/true or false.
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Prescriptivism
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Non-cognitivism: Moral claims are prescriptions to act a certain way, similar to "pass the salt." They're not true or false, but instead a direction of how to act.
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Objectivism
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Cognitivism: The truth maker of a moral claim does not depend on what you or I THINK about it. It's true regardless. Just like 2+2=4.
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Relativism
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Cognitivism: The truth maker of a moral claim does depend on what you or I think. Nothing is inherently true or false. Trueness and falseness is determined by you and me.
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Subjectivism
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Cognitivism: The truth maker of a moral claim depends on me as an individual.
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Cultural relativism
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Cognitivism: The truth maker of a moral claim depends on groups of people or cultures, not individuals.
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Consequentialism
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Cognitivism, Objectivism: X is right if it brings about the best consequences.
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Deontology
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Cognitivism, Objectivism: Certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong
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Intrinsically good things
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good in itself, inherently good
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Instrumentally good things
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good for what they bring about (e.g. money is instrumentally good)
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Virtue Ethics
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Cognitivism, Objectivism: An act is right if it is the kind of thing a virtuous person would do. (Aristolean ethics)
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Bentham's hedonic calculus
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The only good is pleasure, the only bad is pain. We can calculate the pain/pleasure that results from consequences, and then decide which is right. We use the seven aspects to correctly calculate.
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Bentham's philosophical standpoint
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Cognitivism: Objectivism: Consequentialism: Utilitarianism
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Bentham: Should I run the numbers before each action to determine right/wrong?
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No, it may be too late if we wait. Sometimes, we should just act.
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