Hsci 130

Front 1

Features of Western Science

Back 1

- Theory is always open to falsification

- falsification is the universal method

- Collective activity; means of acquiring knowledge

- Communicated through language

- Rules and maps

- Replication

Front 2

Health Science

Back 2

Disciplines focused on health, illness and disease

Application of knowledge to improve health, illness and disease

Ex: epidemiology, immunology, medicine, nursing, biostatistics, toxicology, health psychology, environmental health

Front 3

Traditional Knowledge vs. Scientific Knowledge

Back 3

Traditional Knowledge

- Assumes to be the truth

Sacred and interconnected

Teaching through story telling

Learning by doing and experiencing

Oral and visual Integrated,

based on the whole system

Intuitive Hollistic

Subjective (based on personal experience/belief) Based on experience

Scientific Knowledge

Assumes to be a best approximation

Secular (non-religious) and segregated

Formal teach (learing by formal education) Written Analytical, based on parts of a whole Model, theory based

Reductionist (reduces complex systems to simpler systems

Objective Based on facts

Front 4

Definitions of health

Back 4

a) Normality- illness = deviation from the norm b) Balance/ homeostasis- idea that body will heal itself/ maintain equilibrium

c) Function- being able to do things, adapt to the environment, fitness

d) WHO definition"health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing andnot merely the absence of disease or infirmity "

c) Ottawa charterdefinition: " a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as wella physical capacities"

Front 5

Sick Role

Back 5

Set of behavioural expectations about how a sick person is to behave built into our social system Sickness is social People learn from culture how to behave in response to health and illness

Front 6

Sick Role- Rights

Back 6

1) You are exempt from responsibility or illness 2) You are temporarily exempt from regular role responsibilities

Front 7

Sick Role- Duties

Back 7

1) You have a duty to try and get well and resume responsibilities

2) You need to seek technically competent help and cooperate in the process of getting well

Front 8

Illness Behaviour (Mechanic)

Back 8

wayin which symptoms are differential perceived evaluated and acted upon (or not)by dif people in dif social situations

Front 9

Illness Behaviour (Blaxter)

Back 9

activityundertaken by a person who is ill in order to define the illness and seek asolution- perception of symptoms and the decision to seek help

Front 10

Why do health illness and disease change?

Back 10

1) Scientific knowledge changes

2) Diseases change

3) The distribution of disease in a population changes

4) New idea about health are built of existing ideas

5) Culture and societies change and cultures and societies influence health illness and disease 6) 6) Moral frameworks are imposed on health illness and disease

Front 11

Epidemiological Transition

Back 11

1)The age ofpestilence and famine

2) The Age of RecedingPandemics

3) The Age ofDegenerative and Man Made diseases

Front 12

TheBiomedical Model

Back 12

1) Doctrine of Specific Etiology- each disease has its own cause (ignores social aspects)

2) Physical Reductionism -in order to understand- reduce it to its parts (individualizes illness to the microscope- doesn’t look at social determinants)

3) Generic Disease - each disease has its own identifier (diseases are differently defined across cultures)

4) Ill health as a deviation from normal health equal equilibrium

5) Scientific neutrality - scientists are objective- humans are just chemicals/biological reactions (cannot be completely objective)

6) Mechanistic/Machine metaphor - human body viewed as a biological machine (not viewed this way across cultures, socially constructed metaphor)

7) Individualistic- Regimen and Control - victim blaming, personal responsibility (does not recognize social environment)

8) Mind-Body Dualism- minds are separated from the body

Front 13

Pellagra (4 d's)

Back 13

Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death

Front 14

Pellagra Preventative Factor (PPF)

Back 14

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

Front 15

Public Health- 4 elements

Back 15

1) Decision making based on data and evidence (vital statistics, surveillance, outbreak investigations and laboratory science)

2) Focus on populations vs. individuals

3) Goal of social justice and equity

4) Emphasis on prevention vs. cure

Front 16

Public Health vs.Clinical Medicine

Back 16

1) Populations vs. individuals

2) Health vs. disease (in addition to ) Prevention 3) Health promotion vs. diagnosis and treatment

Front 17

Responsibilitiesof a public health system

Back 17

1) Health emergencies

2) Chronic disease and injury prevention

3) Health promotion

Front 18

Goalsof population health approach

Back 18

1) Maintain and improve the health status of the entire population

2) Reduce inequities in health status between population groups

Front 19

Core Disciplines inPublic Health

Back 19

1)Biostatistics

2) Epidemiology

3) Health policy and management

4) Environmental health sciences

5) Social and behavioural science

Front 20

Lalonde Report

Back 20

Emphasis on lifestyle and personal responsibility

"self imposed risks" "individual blame"

Front 21

Health Promotion Directorate

Back 21

First Structure devoted to health promotion in the world

Critiques: victim blaming, health inequalities are not being Emphasis on lifestyle and personal responsibility "self imposed risks" "individual blame" or fixed

Front 22

Health Promotion

Back 22

"Aprocess of enabling people to increase controlover and to improve their ownhealth… a mediating strategy between people and their environments, combining personal choice with social responsibility for health"

Front 23

Ottawa charter for health promotion (prerequisites)

Back 23

Perquisites for health: peace, shelter, education, food income stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, equity

Front 24

Strategies for health promotion

Back 24

1) build healthy public policy

2) create supportive environments

3) Strengthen community action

4) develop personal skills

5) Reorient health system

Front 25

Population Health

Back 25

Broad approach to understanding the fundamental determinants of human health, especially the interaction of physical and social environments with genetic predispositions over the life course at both the individual and community levels in whole societies

Front 26

Current Framework of the determinants of health in Canada

Back 26

1) socio economic environment

2) physical environment

3) healthy child development

4) personal health practices

5) individual capacity and coping skills

6) biology and genetic endowment

7) health services

Front 27

Health equity perspective

Back 27

putting inequities right is a matter of social justice. reducing inequities is an ethical imperative

2 goals: improve average health of countries,

abolish avoidable health inequalities within countries

Ultimate aim: bring the health of those worse off up to the level of the best

Front 28

What is harm reduction?

Back 28

Harm reduction aims to minimise death, disease andinjury from high risk behaviour by promoting safer practices

Front 29

When you regulateillegal drugs you are able to control the

Back 29

Age

Degree intoxication

Volume rationing limit

Proof of dependence

Registration

Limit locations of uses

Testing prior to use