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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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John C. Calhoun
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-Vice President – not able to openly protest
South Carolina Exposition and Protest written anonymously In the spirit of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Principle of Nullification Only way for minority to protect itself against the tyranny of the majority -(tyler presidency) John C. Calhoun (Sec of State) complicates matters ‘justified the annexation as a defensive move to preserve southern slavery ’ Outrages Senators – reject annexation treaty 16-35 |
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Henry Clay
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-became secretary of state, throwing support behind Adams... Jackson is livid
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Andrew Jackson
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-revo war vet, indian fighter, battle of New Orleans, presidential "firsts"
-Old Hickory, tall and slim, assassination attemps, ambitious and self-made, big temper -2 bullets carried in his body by Charles Dickenson and Thomas Hart Benton -"King Andrew" ruled trough his KITCHEN CABINET -used veto power 12 times... most ever... next largest amount is 9 -"defender against privilege" but really didn't do much to help the common man... killing national bank hurt farmers and merchants |
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Trail of Tears
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20,000 rounded up – ¼ died on the journey
?????????????? |
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Tariff of Abominations
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-New tariff (1828)
-South believes that the federal government is out to impoverish them to the benefit of special interests |
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Nullification
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-the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress
-the act of nullifying; making null and void; counteracting or overriding the effect or force of something -only way for minority to protect itself against the tyranny of the majority |
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Whig party
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-formation of the Whig party
Wide coalition with remnants of Nat. Republicans Link to Hanoverian opposition to tyranny under George III -Active government National bank Paper currency Humanitarian reforms Schools, prisons, asylums, temperance, abolition In general more optimistic and enterprising No problem helping one group if benefits entire economy Combine with Revivalists and Religious reformers into huge movement -a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from 1833 to 1856,[1] the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the executive branch and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence, and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who |
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James Madison
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?/
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Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
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The Cherokee nation asked for an injunction
Claiming that Georgia's state legislation had created laws which, "go directly to annihilate the Cherokees as a political society" Supreme Court Verdict: Under the Constitution, an Indian Nation has no standing in Federal Courts as not a foreign nation or a state Cherokees were a "denominated domestic dependent nation" Nonetheless, had unquestioned right to the land, could only lose title to it if left voluntarily leaving the door open for appeal from a lower court |
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Worcester vs. Georgia
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Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Georgia law required all whites living in Cherokee Indian Territory to obtain a state license Samuel Austin Worcester and Elizur Butler were targeted by Georgia Define Cherokee position more clearly Nation was a distinct political community in which “the laws of Georgia can have no force” and into which Georgia can not enter without permission or treaty privilege |
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McCulloch vs. Maryland
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1819
-maryland imposed a tax on all notes (paper currency) of banks not chartered in maryland -the us bank was the only out-of-state bank then existing in maryland -law is generally recognized as having specifically targed a US bank -supreme court decision: US bank falls under the "necessary and proper" clause... and upholds the supremacy of federal government over states (state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the federal government) |
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Peculiar Institution
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-a euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The meaning of "peculiar" in this expression is "one's own", that is, referring to something distinctive to or characteristic of a particular place or people. The proper use of the expression is always as a possessive, e.g., "our peculiar institution" or "the South's peculiar institution". It was in popular use during the first half of the 19th century, especially in legislative bodies, as the word slavery was deemed "improper," and was actually banned in certain areas.
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Underground Railroad
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-an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century black slaves in the United States to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists who were sympathetic to their cause.[2] The term is also applied to the abolitionists who aided the fugitives
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Lowell Factories
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??
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Manifest Destiny
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-the 19th century belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid 1850s.
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Empresarios
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-(the texas situation)
Invite Americans and others to settle Offer virtually free land deals to empresarios With conditions – become Mexican Citizens, adopt Catholicism and bring hundreds of families to area Moses and Stephen F Austin one of first to accept |
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Republic of Texas
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-an independent state in North America, bordering the United States and Mexico, that existed from 1836 to 1846.
Formed as a break-away republic from Mexico by the Texas Revolution, the state claimed borders that encompassed an area that included all of the present U.S. state of Texas, as well as parts of present-day New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming based upon the Treaties of Velasco between the newly created Texas Republic and Mexico. The eastern boundary with the United States was defined by the Adams-Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain, in 1819. Its southern and western-most boundary with Mexico was under dispute throughout the existence of the Republic, with Texas claiming that the boundary was the Rio Grande, and Mexico claiming the Nueces River as the boundary. This dispute would later become a trigger for the Mexican–American War, after the annexation of Texas. |
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"Remember the Alamo"
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-Response is Texas Declaration of Independence
March 2nd 1836 “Remember the Alamo” Gen Santa Anna wins the battle, but loses war Battle of San Jacinto – April 21st 1836 |
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Abolitionist Movement
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-Free Blacks
Advocating abolition since the Revolution By 1830 – over 50 black abolitionist societies Pre-1830 view towards emancipation with and resettlement back to Africa American Colonization Society – 1816 Advocating gradual and voluntary abolition and resettlement back to Africa Colony of Liberia set up Society members thought freed slaves would have no place in US society -White reformers – driven by moral urgency join call for immediate abolition Joined with Free Blacks – Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth Used personal accounts to mobilize opinion in the North Begin calling for Immediate, Uncompensated, and Complete Abolition! William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator (1831) Published for 35 years – major weapon in abolition movement Burned copy of Constitution “so perish all compromises with tyranny” |
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Mexican-American War
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-aka - “Mr. Polk’s War”
April 24th 1846, Mexican cavalry ambush US cavalry killing 11 and capturing 63 soldiers Polk goes to Congress two weeks later stating that “war exists by the acts of Mexico itself” May 13, this “state of war” was recognized by House 174-14 and Senate 40-2 with a number of abstentions Anti-slavery Whigs tried to oppose the war, but were barely allowed the floor to speak Full reality of distant Rio Grande valley was unknown -Fighting the war becomes a training ground for generals and soldiers on both sides of Civil War General Zachary Taylor and General Winfield Scott Robert E. Lee, George Meade, Ulysses S. Grant, and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson with Scott in Veracruz and Mexico City Feb. 2, 1848 – Sign Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo US gets California and the New Mexico territory (including Nevada, Utah and Arizona) Rio Grande as the southern border Mexico got $15 million US agrees to settle Mexican debts with U |
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
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-the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States (U.S.)[1][2] to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico City, that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession of 1.36 million km² (525,000 square miles) to the United States in exchange for US$15 million
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Texas annexation
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-(1845) was the voluntary annexation of the Republic of Texas to the United States of America as the twenty-eighth state. It quickly led to the Mexican War (1846–48) in which the U.S. captured further territory west to the Pacific Ocean. Texas claimed but never controlled parts of present-day Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming, and disputed them with the federal government and New Mexico until the Compromise of 1850 in which these lands became parts of other territories of the United States in exchange for the U.S. federal government assuming the antecedent republic's $10 million in debt.
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James K. Polk
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-election of 1844, Democrats nominate James K. Polk – “Young Hickory”
House speaker – hard money Jacksonian, avid expansionist, slave holding planter from Tennessee -James K. Polk wins the election 170-105 Vote closer than electoral college Won by 38,000 out of 2.7 million votes cast Won New York by just 6,000 votes as Liberty party took votes away from Clay |
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John Tyler
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-election of 1840, Whig ticket slogan – “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”
William Henry Harrison and John Tyler -John Tyler becomes President More of a Dem than a Whig – left Dem party because of hatred of Jackson and nullification Hesitant over Whig economic nationalism Vetoed tariffs, internal improvements and bank revival bills Entire cabinet resigns in protest except for Sec of State Webster He was negotiating a treaty with British – resigns after completion House even considered impeachment…did not pass Whigs lose the Presidency without losing an Election |
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William Henry Harrison
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-election of 1836, Whigs still not fully organized as national party
Put forth 3 sectional candidates Daniel Webster (NE) Hugh White (South) William Henry Harrison (West) Hoped to split vote and send the election to the House of Representatives -Harrison dies one month into Presidency of pneumonia |
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"Tippecanoe and Tyler too"
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-election of 1840, Whig ticket slogan – “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”
William Henry Harrison and John Tyler |
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Stephen Douglas
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-an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and was the Northern Democratic Party nominee for President in 1860. He lost to the Republican Party's candidate, Abraham Lincoln, whom he had defeated two years earlier in a Senate contest following a famed series of debates.
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Oregon Territory
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Settlers run into the “Great American Desert”
Skip the Midwest for more inviting lands on West Coast or Southwest Thinly populated before 1840 Literature begins describing beauty of the country Oregon Trail begins funneling population to Oregon Claimed by both British and America Population leads to more increased problems ‘54 40o or fight’ |
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54' 40 or fight
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California territory
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California Gold Rush
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-Sutter’s Mill 1848
80,000 ‘49’ers’ flood into California Need government President Taylor urges to skip territory status and go directly to the constitution stage They apply for statehood as free state Disturbs the balance of 15 & 15 South wants California for slave territory Or at least extend Missouri Compromise, 36’ 30o line |
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"Mr. Polk's War"
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-see Mexican-American War
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General Winfield Scott
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-a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852.
-he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War -conceiving the Union strategy known as the ANACONDA PLAN that would be used to defeat the Confederacy. |
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General Zachary Taylor
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-was the 12th President of the United States and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor nonetheless ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass and becoming the first President never to have held any previous elected office. Taylor was the last President to hold slaves while in office, and the last Whig to win a presidential election.
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compromise of 1850
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-Henry Clay introduces series of moderate proposals
Twice before, 1820 and 1833, Clay had shaped sectional compromises Democrat Senator Stephen Douglas and Whig Senator Daniel Webster join in the drive for compromise Five essential measures California became a free state Texas boundaries set at current limits Texas paid $10 million for loss of New Mexico and Utah New Mexico and Utah organized under popular sovereignty Fugitive slave law was strengthened Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. -Stephen A. Douglas instrumental to compromise’s passage Douglas in the absence of Henry Clay (due to illness) divided the bill to get individual parts put through Celebrations followed its passage “duty of every patriot to get drunk, and by morning, many citizens had done their duty” In reality – more of an artful delay than compromise It bought time for a nation but no real settlement of issues -compromise failed, flaws of it:Misu |
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Anthony Burns
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-1850 would prove a vital year in Burns' life because of the passage of the new Fugitive Slave Act that required states to cooperate in returning escaped slaves to their masters, even if recaptured in northern states that had abolished slavery. Burns was affected by the law after he became a fugitive in Massachusetts.
He was captured and tried under the law in Boston, in a case that generated national publicity, large demonstrations, protests and an attack on US Marshals at the courthouse. Federal troops were used to ensure Burns was transported to a ship for return to Virginia after the trial. He was eventually ransomed from slavery, with his freedom purchased by Boston sympathizers. Afterward he was educated at Oberlin College and became a Baptist preacher, moving to Upper Canada for a position. |
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Franklin Pierce
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-an American politician and lawyer, was the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857, and is the only President from New Hampshire.
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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-wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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-From prominent New England family
Conveyed the suffering and the brutality of Slavery to a wider audience Book is serialized in 1851; published in 1852 Sells 300,000 copies in 9 months By 1853, sells over 1 million copies Countless more see in performed on stage as a play |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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-Debated for 3 ½ months in Congress
President Pierce supported it and Democratic party loyalty held just enough to get it passed But the vote revealed just how sectionalized the US had become Democrats – Northern 44-42: Southern 57-2 Whigs – Northern 0-45: Southern 12-7 Free-soilers – 4 against Becomes law in May 1854 – allowing slavery (even if temporarily) in territory which had been prohibited for 34 years -results: Abolitionists see the aggressive expansion of Slave Power Prompts more aggressive opposition to Fugitive Slave Act Destroys the old party system Whigs –Northern and Southern elements can not see past slavery issue Democrats – survive but lose virtually all support in North In the ‘54 elections – lose 66 of 91 Congressional seats Gives Birth to the Republican Party Composed of anti-slavery whites, Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers and reformers Not condemning Southerners, saying they are “what we would be in their situation” Yet sharing Foundin |
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Republican Party
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-one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854
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Sen. Charles Sumner
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-(violence throughout nation)
-Charles Sumner of Ma. bitterly attacks the President, the South and Senator Andrew P. Butler from South Carolina Butler’s Cousin, Rep. Preston Brooks canes Sumner on the Senate floor |
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Rep.Preston Brooks
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-a Democratic Congressman from South Carolina, known for severely beating Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate with a cane in response to an insult. His first cousin, Matthew Butler, was a Confederate general.
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John Brown
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-Brought up by staunchly religious parents
Commitment to Old Testament “eye for an eye” as well as the Puritanical concern for the wickedness of others Believed that violence in a righteous cause was a holy act, requiring revolutionary ideology and acts Harper’s Ferry Raid – Oct 16, 1859 Brown leads a band of 18 men (white and black) in an attack on federal arsenal hoping to trigger a slave rebellion Widely publicized trial and eventual execution “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with blood” Strikes at the heart of the South and their fear of “abolitionist emissaries” bent on terrorism in the South |
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Harpers Ferry raid
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-– Oct 16, 1859
Brown leads a band of 18 men (white and black) in an attack on federal arsenal hoping to trigger a slave rebellion Widely publicized trial and eventual execution “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with blood” Strikes at the heart of the South and their fear of “abolitionist emissaries” bent on terrorism in the South |
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Lecompton Constitution
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-Pro-slavery Constitution which had the support of President Buchanan
It was defeated in a referendum of Kansas residents by over 10,000 votes! Despite serious voting irregularities, the message was clear that Kansas didn’t want slavery Yet, President Buchanan tried to force constitution through Congress to hastily organize the territory Attempt was too blatant for Northern Democrats to take Splits the Democratic party and continues to destroy moderation and promote militancy |
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Dred Scott
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-Dred Scott v. Sanford
Missouri Slave that had sued owner for his freedom First won his case in 1846, then lost on appeal as it moved from State to Federal System Supreme Court had been very careful not inject themselves in political issues, but decided to hear the case in 1857 Key Questions of the case? Did Scott have the right to bring suit? Was a slave a citizen? Had residence in a free territory made him free? Did Congress have the power (ie. Constitutional) to prohibit slavery in a territory? Make up of the Court? 7 Democrats (5 Southerners), 1 Republican, 1 Whig -decision: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Maryland gives majority opinion of a divided court Scott not a citizen of US or Missouri Residence in a free territory did not make him free Congress had no power to bar slavery from any territory Overturned the Missouri Compromise, invalidated the basic ideas of the Wilmot Proviso and Popular Sovereignty Slave Power seemed to have won a Major Constitutional Victory No |
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Abraham Lincoln
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-Abraham Lincoln gains notoriety and popularity through campaign against Stephen Douglas for Senate in 1858
Lincoln articulates modern Northern perspective on slavery in series of debates with Douglas Yes, Founding Fathers had acknowledged slavery’s existence But had always believed that slavery would either die out naturally or be legislated away Most eloquent statement - “House Divided” speech Douglas wins, but sets up Lincoln for the Presidency -Inauguration day March 4,1861 Lincoln proceeds cautiously so as to maintain federal authority without provoking a war Decides to hold onto forts in states that had left the union Knowing that Jefferson Davis could not claim to be a sovereign nation while major ports in the hands of a foreign power |
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Secession
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-the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity. Threats of secession also can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals.[1]
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Fort Sumter
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-April 12, 1861 – Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor
Federal garrison had run low on food Lincoln notifies South Carolina that sending ships to re-supply the fort Forced Confederate Cabinet to choose – attack fort or acquiesce to Lincoln’s authority? After two days of heavy bombardment – Ft. Sumter surrendered No casualties during bombardment – 2 killed during post battle |
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Border States
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-Importance of the Border States
To Confederacy Not a viable nation without them Double population, resources and factory/foundry output In recognition of importance, move capital from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, VA To Union MD would have surrounded D.C. KY offered access to Ohio River MO offered access to Mississippi River Also kept resources and population from the Confederacy Most importantly – Lincoln must take special pains not to alienate them and not to touch slavery! |
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Fugitive Slave Act
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-(1850) passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a 'slave power conspiracy'. It declared that all runaway slaves be brought back to their masters. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves.
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Robert E. Lee
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-Gen. Robert E. Lee and the Seven Days Battles
Stonewall up the Shenandoah Valley towards D.C. Repeatedly striking at McClellan forcing a retreat Conservative nature of McClellan -??????????? |
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Jefferson Davis
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-an American military officer, statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865.
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Stonewall Jackson
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-a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the most well-known Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee.[3] His military career includes the Valley Campaign of 1862 and his service as a corps commander in the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee. Confederate pickets accidentally shot him at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863, which the general survived, albeit with the loss of an arm to amputation.
-received nickname during first Battle of Bull Run |
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George C. McClellan
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-General George B. McClellan given overall command
Took the fall and winter for training and organization 250,000+ men were preparing for a march on Richmond -Very conservative vision of the war Takes to the sea with a plan to take Richmond from the East Gets to within 7 miles of Richmond Gen. Joseph E. Johnson wounded in campaign Jefferson Davis’ military advisor given command Gen. Robert E. Lee and the Seven Days Battles Stonewall up the Shenandoah Valley towards D.C. Repeatedly striking at McClellan forcing a retreat Conservative nature of McClellan |
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Anaconda Plan
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-Union’s Anaconda Plan
Blockade of all Southern ports and shipping Despite significant increase in ships as the war goes on, never really able to completely cut off Southern shipping and trade |
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Ulysses S. Grant
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-(1862) Ulysses S. Grant and Tennessee
Fort Henry and Fort Donelson taken for access to Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner surrenders at Ft. Donelson |
