Hist 112- Exam 1

Front 1

John Locke

Back 1

-England 1690's
-Books- 2 different types of Government (absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy)

-People had natural inalienable rights

-He said if a king takes away your rights you must over throw him

-Said "Gov. rules with consent of the governed"

Front 2

Montesquieu

Back 2

-French- 1740's

-Wrote Spirit of the Laws

-3 Branches (judicial, legislative, executive)

-System of checks and balances

Front 3

Adam Smith

Back 3

-Father of Modern Capitalism

-Said wealth in world is infinite, free trade, colonies should grow what they determine is best, prices and wages are set by supply and demand, gov. should only interfere in the economy in the case of national security

Front 4

Seven Years War

Back 4

-Happens in America "French and Indian War"

-French and Native Americans v. G.B. and Spain

-Spain and G.B. won- France gets eliminated from the US and India

-G.B. expand in the US

-G.B. gets Mississippi river and East & Florida

-Spain gets west of Mississippi River

Front 5

~Great Compromise

Back 5

-VA plan and NJ plan

-Bicameral congress

-House of Representatives~ each state is represented according to population

-Senate~ Each state has 2 Senators

-Both House and Senate must pass laws

Front 6

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Back 6

-Triangle Trade

-Euro brings clothes, alcohol, pots, etc to

Africa, which gives Euro slaves, Euro gives them to US and Eastern countries for sugar, coffee, tobacco or cotton

-Transatlantic Destinations

-4.72 mil. went to Brazil, 4.75 mil. went to N. America (US, Cuba, Veracruz, Jamaica, St. Domingue) and parts of S. America

Front 7

Abolition Movement

Back 7

-Influences on Abolishing Slavery- Enlightenment, The Quakers, Christianity, Increasing Literacy Rates, Industrialization

-Outlawed Trade in:

Denmark- 1803 G.B.- 1807 US- 1808

France- 1814

-Outlawed Owning Slaves in:

G.B.- 1833 France- 1848 US- 1865

Brazil- 1888

Front 8

Carolus Linnaeus

Back 8

- Swedish Botanist

-Classified things (plants, animals, and people) into categories

-Classified people into 4 groups

1. Asian 2. American 3. European 4. African

-Based on what he sees and hears from others who traveled

-Inspired others such as Blumenbach who classified people into a hierarchy

Front 9

Australia and New Zealand

Back 9

-Captain James Cook

-G.B.'s penal colony: 150,000 criminals

-They found the economic value in

-Sheep (wool)- textile industry

-Seals- pelts

-Whales- baleen (Corsets, umbrellas, fishing rods) oil/ fat (soap, lamps, machine lube), ambergris (perfume)

Front 10

Cottage Industry

Back 10

-Business or Manufacturing activity carried out in a persons' home

-Family Units

-People owned spinning wheels, spindles, etc to do this work from their home

Front 11

Industrial Revolution Start in G.B.

Back 11

-They had key materials:

-coal and iron ore

-labor because of overpopulation

-flourishing trade

-Entrepreneurs

-Transportation networks

-Banks and Standard Currency

Front 12

Josiah Wedgwood

Back 12

-Entrepreneur of Pottery

-Opened a factory in the Midlands in 1759

-Innovation: Molds

- Prices for pottery items went down

Front 13

Sadler Committee

Back 13

-Delt with children working in factories

- Took interviews for people who worked in factories and to form Child Labor Laws

Front 14

Steam Engine

Back 14

-1770's

-Invented by James Watt and Matthew Boulton

-Pumped water out of mines

-Stable source of power: Steam ships, rail roads, cars

-Standardized time

--Environmental Impact

-Air Pollution

-Contaminated water

Front 15

Communication Advancements

Back 15

-1790's- Alessandro Volta: Invented Batteries

-1840's- Samuel Morse: Invented telegraph/ Morse Code

-1870's- Alexander Graham Bell- Invented telephone

Front 16

Conservatism

Back 16

-All adult men who are wealthy should vote

-Monarchy government

-Gov. should have little say in economy~only to protect wealthy and/or the centralized power of government

Front 17

Marxism

Back 17

-All adults should vote. Gender equity.

-Change in gov. should happen quickly and violently by the working poor

-Gov. should have more power in the economy. Redistribute wealth, no unions, no private property.

Front 18

Chartist Movement

Back 18

-1830's G.B.

-Tries to get Socialism put into action

-6 demands

1. Voting rights for all adult men 2. No property qualifications for Members of Parliament 3. Secret ballot 4. Payment of MPs 5. Redistricting 6. annual Parliaments

Front 19

Robert Owen

Back 19

- New Lanark, Scotland

-No child labor in his factory

-Provides free education for kids

-Provides free and hot lunch during the day for workers

-Provides cheap housing

-Workers work 8-9 hours per day

Front 20

Nicolas I

Back 20

-Ruled 1825-1855

-Decemberist Revolt (against him, but he suppressed it)

-Absolute Monarch

-Expands secret police

-Orthodoxy, autocracy, and Folk nationality

-Persecuted Jews

-Rigid Censorship; strict control of education

Front 21

Mohammed Ali

Back 21

-Ruled 1805-1848

-Modernized Army and Navy

-Invaded Syria and Anatolia

-Builds educational system

-Established large standing army (100,000)

-Industry growth

-Irrigation system

-Jobs~ manufacturing armaments

-Medical advancements

-1839: Had to withdraw from conquered lands repeal protective tax & reduce standing army

Front 22

Tanzimat Reforms

Back 22

-Mid-1800's Ottoman Empire

-Changes brought about in attempt of political change in prior years

-Before: House of Osman leaders changed and purged by Janissaries. Let go of Greece because they aren't the same as the Ottomans

Front 23

Revolution of 1857

Back 23

-India v. G.B.

-Enfield Rifle (pig and cow fat rumor)

-Azamgarb Proclamation: G.B. destroyed trade, increased taxes, took skilled labor jobs, told people what they had to grow

-100,000 Indian deaths (mostly civilian)

-Lasts a year

-Dethrone Mughal Emperor

-Cleared forests, restructure lands

-Grow certain crops (coffee, tea, cotton, opium)

-Rail roads and telegraphs

-Canals, Harbors, and Irrigation systems

Front 24

Congress Party

Back 24

-1885
Generation and a half after revolution

-Involved educated people

-Response to economic and social change

-Increasing British control of politics

-Impact of Western-style of education

Goals

-More opportunity- civil service

- reduce military spending

-Unites among religious and caste groups

Front 25

Opium War

Back 25

-1839-1842

- Late 1700's- British smuggle about 1,000 chests of Opium/year

-Changes to 40,000 chests/year

-GB traded tea for Opium

-1839- Chinese (Ruler Lin) stopped trade with GB

-War ensued over trade and GB won

Front 26

Treaty of Nanjing

Back 26

-Treaty negotiations were pro-GB

-GB gained 5 trading ports (including Hong Kong- huge and important port)

-China had to pay reparations~ 1.3 million lbs of silver

-Any Brit was exempt from Chinese law while in China

-Opened way for other W. concessions

-Weakens China in Westerners eyes

Front 27

Taiping Rebellion

Back 27

-1850-1864

-Result of weakening gov. and W. trade

-Heavenly Kingdom- Hong Xiuquan- Red Turbans

Xiuquan believes: Gender equality, free public education, abolition of slavery and adultery, opposed gambling, drugs & alcohol abuse, redistribution of land

-Initially has great success but China asks France for help in battling Red Turbans and Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace falls

Front 28

Five Pillars of Islam

Back 28

-Spreads throughout Africa, Persia, Mongol Empire, etc

1.Shahadah: sincerely reciting the Muslim profession of faith.

2. Salat: performing ritual prayers in the proper way five times each day.

3. Zakat: paying an alms (or charity) tax to benefit the poor and the needy.

4. Sawm: fasting during the month of Ramadan.

5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca.

Front 29

Wahhabism

Back 29

-Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792)- religious cleric

-Wanted to return to Pure Islam (very strict)

-Believed in 6th pillar (Jihad: Holy war)

Front 30

Sokoto Sultunate

Back 30

-1804 Hausa Kings overthrown

-Kicks people out that don't believe in Islam

-Sparks Trade

-Takes Islam S. of Sahara desert then takes it down into Africa and spreads it

Front 31

Zulu Kingdom

Back 31

-Shaka Zulu in S. Africa (17-87-1828)

-Wars of Crushing and Wandering

-Unites Nguni People- either with Shaka or exiles people

-40,000 man standing army

-GB finds gold and diamonds in S. Africa and move against Shaka Zulu

Front 32

Gran Colombia

Back 32

-Attempt to create a federal structure that brings together 5 states in the NW corner of S. America

-Use US as a model

-Led by Bolivar

-Spanish gov is defeated so the gov. is u p for grabs

-fails~ rich people and Catholics hate it because it's too democratic

Front 33

Mexican-American War

Back 33

-1846-1848

-Texas breaks away from Mexico and wants to become a state

-War over borders (Ends at Rio Grande River)

-US buys California, Nevada, etc.

-It brings up which states are free and which states are slave states~ leads to Civil War

Front 34

Plessey v. Ferguson

Back 34

-1896

-Railroad cars- if it's okay to separate people by skin color

-Supreme court says it's okay to separate as along as conditions are equal

-Brings up "Separate but Equal"

-Legitimizes race

Front 35

Unification of Italy

Back 35

-Piedmont- North- Engine of change

-PM- Cavor and King Emmanuel~ Conservative

-Sicily- South

-Guiseppe Garibaldi- republic

Unification in 1861

-Constitutional Monarchy

-Divide between N. and S.

-Heavy taxes

-Civil War (1861-1866)

Front 36

Unification of Germany

Back 36

-Prussia

-PM Bismark and King Wilhelm I

-Multiple wars of unification

-Denmark: 1864-1866

-Austria: 1866

-France: 1870-1871

Unification in 1871

-Conservative Constitutional Monarchy