Biology 112 Exam 1

Front 1

PROTON atoms are made of?

Back 1

positively charged particles

Front 2

NEUTRAL atoms are made of?

Back 2

neutral particles

Front 3

ELECTRON atoms are made of?

Back 3

Negative charged particles

Front 4

Protons, neutrons and electrons are all found where?

Back 4

in the nucleus

Front 5

The Atomic Number is the same number of what?

Back 5

Atomic Number = # of protons

Front 6

What are isotopes?

Back 6

Forms of an element with different number of neutrons

Front 7

What two things do you add up to get the MASS NUMBER?

Back 7

Protons + Neutrons = mass number

Front 8

What are orbitals?

Back 8

a specific region in an atomic nuclei where electrons move around

Front 9

Unfilled electron orbitals allow formation of...

Back 9

chemical bonds

Front 10

what is a covalent bond?

Back 10

Each atom's unpaired valence electrons are shared by both nuclei to fill their orbitals

Front 11

What is a ionic bond?

Back 11

electrons being transferred from one atom to another

Front 12

What happens to an atom in a molecule with a high electronegativity?

Back 12

It holds electrons more tightly (has partial negative charge & the other atom will have a partial positive charge)

Front 13

What identifies a NONPOLAR covalent bonds?

Back 13

Electrons that are evenly shared between two atoms & the bond is symmetrical (shape)

Front 14

What identifies a POLAR covalent bond?

Back 14

Electrons are asymmetrically shared (no equal on either sides)

Front 15

What is an Ion?

Back 15

An atom or molecule that carries a charge

Front 16

What is a cation?

Back 16

An atom that loses an electron and becomes positively charged

TIP: CAT=YES=POSITIVE!

Front 17

what is an anion?

Back 17

An atom that gains an electron and becomes negatively charged

TIP: ANI=ANTI=NEGATIVE

Front 18

What is an IONIC bond?

Back 18

The resulting attraction between oppositely charged ions.

TIP: Opposites attract ;) LOL

Front 19

The degree to which electrons are shared in chemical bonds forms...?

Back 19

CONTINUUM!

(from equal sharing in non polar covalent bonds

To unequal sharing in polar covalent bonds

To the complete transfer of electrons in ionic bonds)

Front 20

What are Hydrophilic atoms and molecules?

Back 20

They are ions and polar molecules that stay in solution

They stay in solution because of their interactions with water's partial charges

Front 21

What is Hydrogen Bonding?

Back 21

Makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecule to dissolve in water

Front 22

What are Hydrophobic molecules?

Back 22

Are uncharged and non polar compound; do not dissolve in water

Front 23

What is Cohesion?

Back 23

Binding between like molecules (binding to itself) and resulting in high surface tension

Front 24

What is adhesion?

Back 24

Bending between unlike molecules (binding to plastic or epithelial layers)

Front 25

What is pH for blood?

Back 25

7.4

Front 26

The lower pH = ?

Back 26

more acidic

Front 27

The high pH =

Back 27

more basic

Front 28

What are buffers?

Back 28

compounds that minimize changes in pH

Front 29

what is the bolded part of the chemical reaction called?(Left side)

CO2(g) + H2O(l) <------> H2CO3(aq)

Back 29

Reactants

Front 30

What is the bolded part of the chemical reaction called? (right side)

CO2(g) + H2O(l) <------> H2CO3(aq)

Back 30

Products

Front 31

What reaction must absorb heat to proceed?

Back 31

endothermic reactions

Front 32

what reaction releases heat?

Back 32

Exothermic reactions

Front 33

what is potential energy?

Back 33

Stored energy

Front 34

What is kinetic energy/thermal energy?

Back 34

Energy of moment, measured as temperature

Just for you to know:

low temp. = slow (cold)

High temp. = fast (hot)

Front 35

Spontaneous actions are exothermic/endothermic?

Back 35

exothermic (no added energy is needed)

Front 36

What do amino and carboxyl groups do?

Back 36

Attract or drop a proton, respectively

Front 37

What are carbonyl groups?

Back 37

Sites that link molecules into more complex compounds.

Front 38

determine the chemical behavior of hydroxyl groups

Back 38

Act as weak acid

Front 39

determine the chemical behavior of phosphate groups

Back 39

have two negative charges

Front 40

Determine the chemical behavior of sulfhydryl groups

Back 40

link together via disulfide bonds

Front 41

What are the 3 macromolecules?

Back 41

protein, carbs and nucleic acid

Front 42

What are the monomers for each of the three macromolecules?

Back 42

protein = amino acids

carbs= monosaccarides

nucleic acid = nucleotides

Front 43

All proteins are made from

Back 43

Just 20 AMINO ACID building blocks

Front 44

Amino acids have a central carbon atom that bonds to...

Back 44

H, NH2, COOH and a variable side chain (R-group)

Front 45

the properties of amino acids vary because...

Back 45

their R-groups vary

Front 46

Amino acids side chains distinguish the different amino acids and can be grouped into four general types:

Back 46

acidic, basic, uncharged polar and nonpolar

Front 47

If the side chain have a negative charge the amino acid would be...

Back 47

lost a proton, acidic

Front 48

If the side chain have a positive charge in an amino acid would be..

Back 48

taken a proton, basic

Front 49

If the side chain is uncharged, does it have an oxygen atom?

Back 49

if so, the highly electronegative oxygen will result in a polar covalent bond and thus is uncharged polar.

Front 50

if the side chain is uncharge, positive and negative are false, what kind of amino acid are we looking for?

Back 50

nonpolar amino acid

Front 51

Hydro cation are always non/polar

Back 51

nonpolar

Front 52

what holds amino acids together?

Back 52

peptide bonds

Front 53

What is the end of an amino acid reaction called?

Back 53

amino terminus

Front 54

1 degree structure equals?

Back 54

a linear sequence of amino acids

Front 55

What requires energy and is nonspontaneous?

Back 55

Plymerization

Front 56

linking monomers is to _____ to form ______.

Back 56

polymerize; polymers

Front 57

what are macromolecules?

Back 57

very large polymers made up of many monomers linked together

Front 58

Monomoers polymerize through:

Back 58

condensation (dehydration) reactions (that release a water molecule)

Front 59

What is hydrolysis?

Back 59

Is reverse reaction

(breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule)

Front 60

What are Catalysis?

Back 60

enzymes speed up chemical reactions

Front 61

what is defense?

Back 61

antibodies and complement proteins attack pathogens

Front 62

what is movement?

Back 62

motor contractile portions move the cell or molecules within the cell.

Front 63

Protein's secondary structure is formed by

Back 63

hydrogen bonds

Front 64

hydrogen bonds occur between:

Back 64

carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group another

Front 65

what does α and β mean?

Back 65

α - helices

β - pleated sheets

Front 66

secondary structure depends on....

Back 66

the primary structure ; more likely to be involved in helices

Front 67

The tertiary structure of a polypeptide results from

Back 67

interactions between R-groups or between r-groups and the peptide backbone (contact cause backbones to bend and fold contributing to a distinctive 3 dimensional shape of polypeptide)

Front 68

r-group interactions include

Back 68

hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interaction, van der waals interactions, covalent disulfide bonds and ionic bonds

Front 69

the bonding of two or more distinct polypeptide subunits produces

Back 69

quaternary structure

Front 70

What is another name for an unfolded protein and what is it?

Back 70

denatured protein is unable to function normally

Front 71

what are the proteins that help proteins fold correctly in cells?

Back 71

molecular chaperones

Front 72

misfolding can be....

Back 72

"infectious"

Front 73

what are prions

Back 73

improperly folded forms of normal proteins and can induce normal protein molecules to change their shape to the altered form.

Front 74

what may be the most fundamental of a protein's function?

Back 74

catalysis

Front 75

what is nucleic acid's monomer?

Back 75

nucleotide monomers

Front 76

what are the three components of a nucleotide?

Back 76

phosphate group, five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing)base

Front 77

What are ribonucleotides?

Back 77

the sugar is ribose

Front 78

what are deoxyribonucleotides?

Back 78

the sugar is deoxyribose (deoxy means lacking oxygen)

Front 79

what the purines?

Back 79

adenine and guanine

Front 80

what are the pyrimidines?

Back 80

cytosine, uracil and thymine

Front 81

Where is the base uracil (U) found in?

Back 81

RNA

Front 82

Base thymine can only be found in?

Back 82

DNA

Front 83

phosphodiester linkage (bond) occurs between

Back 83

the phosphate group on the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the -OH grou[ pn the 3' carbon of another

Front 84

the sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid is

Back 84

directional (has polarity)

Front 85

Polymerization of nucleic acids is

Back 85

an endergonic process, catalyzed by enzymes, nonspontaneous reaction

Front 86

energy for polymerization comes from

Back 86

the ​phosphorylation of the nucleotides

Front 87

what is phosphorylation?

Back 87

transfer of phosphate group(s) to substrate molecule, raises potential energy of substrate and enables endergonic reactions

Front 88

when your phosphate group has high energy what is happening?

Back 88

losing phosphate

Front 89

What is the DNA structure like?

Back 89

Has equil purines as to pyrimidines

are anti-parallel = strands go different directions

Front 90

When replicating DNA, what is the template strand?

Back 90

the strand being copied

Front 91

what is the replication fork?

Back 91

it is where the DNA (double strands) divide to replicate.

Front 92

what is the DNA replication process called?

Back 92

semi-conservative replication

Front 93

Why can a RNA act like a catalyst?

Back 93

because it is more reactive because of the extra oxygen making it more polar than DNA

Front 94

What can RNA also shape into?

Back 94

Tertiary structure (forms when secondary structures sold into more complex shapes.)