First Aid

Front 1

First aid for choking?

Back 1

1. Assess severity
2. If mild obstruction (the victim is still coughing effectively) - encourage coughing
3. If severe obstruction (air exchange poor, breathing difficulty is high, cough goes silent) - Maneuvers.

Maneuvers: ERC - Back slapping (x5) and then abdominal thrusts (x5).

Front 2

How do you perform abdominal thrusts?

Back 2

Put both arms around the upper part of the abdomen. Make sure that the person is bending well forwards. Clench your fist and place it between the navel and the bottom of her breastbone. Grasp fist firmly with other hand. Pull sharply inwards and upwards. Repeat thrusts until object is expelled or victim becomes unresponsive. In pregnant women, place the thumb side of the fist on the middle of the sternum.

Front 3

How do you perform back-slapping?

Back 3

Support the persons upper body with one hand and help him/her to lean well forward. Give up to five sharp blows between her shoulder blades with the heel of your hand. Stop if it clears.

Front 4

You come across an unconscious person. The skin looks livid (likblekt) and normal sounds cannot be heard. You try artificial ventilation but there is lack of chest movements. What do you do?

Back 4

1. Place victim in supine position.
2. Activate EMS
3. Start CPR
A. Perform 30 chest compressions
B. Open the airway and check for objects in the mouth. Remove solid objects only if visible.
C. Give 2 breaths
4. Repeat point 3.

Front 5

What signs and symptoms would you see in a person with asthma?

Back 5

Wheezing
Noisy, labored breathing
Difficulty speaking, whispering, short sentences
Distress, anxiety.
Features of hypoxia (grey-blue tinge to the lips, earlobes, nailbeds; severe cases).
May exhaust the individual.

Front 6

What is the first aid in asthma cases?

Back 6

1. Sit the victim in a comfortable position (loosen tie). Don't let him/her lay down. Keep calm and reassure the casualty.
2. Get him/her to take a puff of their reliever inhaler. Ask to breathe slowly and deeply. Mild attack should subside in minutes, if not, ask to take one more.
3. Call an ambulance if progressive.
4. Monitor vital signs - level of response, breathing, pulse - until help arrives.

Front 7

Exhaled air contains about ___ per cent oxygen (only ___ per cent less than inhaled air) and a small amount of carbon dioxide.

Back 7

16; 5

Front 8

Another word for syncope is _____. It is a defined as___________.

Back 8

fainting; temporary loss of consciousness (few minutes)

Front 9

What do you do in the case of a syncope?

Back 9

1. Secure the victim
2. Check the vital signs - level of response, breathing, pulse
3. If you suspect syncope, elevated lower and upper extremities of the victim to increased blood flow to the brain.
4. If the victim does not recover after a few minutes, check vital signs again - if still present, place victim in the recovery position and call an ambulance.

Front 10

What is the first aid in the case of a myocardial infarction?

Back 10

1. Sit victim in comfortable position (loosen clothing, open a window).
2. Call an ambulance (999 in poland)
3. Assess vital signs
4. Help administer drugs, the MONA-rule:
M - Morphine (only by ambulance team)
O - Oxygen (if available)
N - Nitroglycerin (sublingual tablet or spray)
A - Aspirin (you can give crushed or chewed tablet)
5. Keep the victim calm and immobile at all times.
6. No vital signs? Start CPR.

Encourage casualty to rest. Keep bystanders away.

Front 11

The chest pain in MI lasts longer than _____ and does not respond to __________.

Back 11

20-30 minutes; nitroglycerin

Front 12

In MI you should be aware of the possibility of _____.

Back 12

Collapse without warning.

Front 13

What is the first aid in pulmonary edema?

Back 13

1. Sit the victim down (in this position the blood flow to the heart is decreased).
2. Call ambulance.
3. Assess vital signs,

Front 14

Death is defined clinically and biologically. Define them.

Back 14

Clinical death: A condition where the changes caused by cardiopulmonary arrest are reversible.

Biological death: A condition where the changes caused by cardiopulmonary arrest are reversible.

Front 15

If cardiac arrest lasts about _____, and the rescuer starts CPR, the victim still has a chance for survival because the cells in his ____ may not be irreversibly damaged.

Back 15

4 minutes; brain

Front 16

What additional symptoms would you see in biological death (compared with clinical death)?

Back 16

Cold skin, rigor mortis

Front 17

What is the CPR in cardiac arrest?

Back 17

1. Immediate CPR.
2. Call an ambulance.

Front 18

How is CPR performed?

Back 18

1. Safety
2. Victim in supine position.

A:
3. Consciousness ("Are you OK?", shake gently)
4. Unresponsive? Shout for help while remaining with victim. Any bystanders? Choose one and tell him to call an ambulance.
5. Open airway.

B:
6. Check for normal breathing (look, listen, feel, 5-10 seconds)
7. Abnormal breathing/no breathing --> Call ambulance

C:
8. Start 30 chest compressions.

B:
9. Give 2 breaths
10. Continue 30:" all the time and stop only to recheck vital signs only if the victim moves or takes a spontaneous breath.

Front 19

How deep should the depth of compressions be in ERC?

Back 19

4-5 cm

Front 20

What is the rate of chest compressions?

Back 20

100 per minute

Front 21

In ____ minutes, do 5 cycles.

Back 21

Two minutes

Front 22

The length of each lung inflation is ____.

Back 22

1 second

Front 23

The recommended volume of each breath is ____.

Back 23

6-7 mL/kg (500-600 mL roughly, typically)

Front 24

There is a simple method to estimate how deeply the victim is unconscious, called _________.

Back 24

AVPU

A - the victim is alert
V - the victim is responding only to vocal stimulation
P - the victim is responding only to pain stimulation
U - the victim is totally unresponsive

Front 25

What scale is used to assess unconscious victims in the same way all over the world?

Back 25

Glasgow Coma Scale.

You add points together and give the victim a score.

Max = 15 points, fully conscious.
Min = 3 points, victim completely unconscious.

Front 26

You encounter an unconscious individual on the ground. What do you do?

Back 26

1. Ensure victims safety
2. Check vital signs (start CPR if necessary)
3. Call an ambulance
4. Take a history, trying to find the cause of unconsciousness, and remove it if it is possible.
5. Check the depth of unconsciousness.
6. If vital signs are present, place victim in recovery position.

Front 27

How is recovery position done?

Back 27

Front 28

To place the victim in a recovery position, you should first [...]

Back 28

Find and remove any dangerous objects from the victim's pockets (knife, scissors), remove his glasses.

Be sure that lower extremities are straight, and upper ones lie close to the trunk.

Front 29

If the victim is in the recovery position, remember to _________. Change the position and turn the victim to the other side after _______.

Back 29

protect him from heat loss - put him under a blanket and cover; 30 minutes

Front 30

Something that is typically seen in seizures.

Back 30

Contraction of musculature

Front 31

What is the first aid in the case of seizures?

Back 31

1. Secure the victim. Prevent self-injury.
2. Open airway, stabilize head and prevent head injury.
3. Call an ambulance.
4. Check vital signs.
5. If the seizures have stopped and the victim is still unconscious, either place the victim in the recovery position or start CPR, depending on vital signs.

Front 32

What is the first aid in the case of a stroke?

Back 32

1. Secure the victim
2. Open the airway.
3. Check vital signs.
4. Call an ambulance, the victim needs rapid transportation to the hospital.
5. If victim is conscious, elevate his head; if unconscious, place him in the recovery position on the affected side.
6. Be careful with paralyzed parts of the body, protect them.
7. If the vicim is conscious and has problems with speech, it does not mean that the victim cannot hear. Be very careful with saying anything.

Front 33

What is the first aid in diabetic coma?

Back 33

1. Secure the victim
2. Check the vital signs and start CPR if necessary
3. Call ambulance
4. Take the history - ask DIED

D - Diabetic
I - Insulin
E - Exercise
D - Diet

Front 34

What is the first aid in insulin shock?

Back 34

Same as for diabetic coma.

1. Secure the victim
2. Check the vital signs and start CPR if necessary
3. Call ambulance
4. Take the history - ask DIED

D - Diabetic
I - Insulin
E - Exercise
D - Diet

5. If conscious, give glucose (mix sugar with water and give it to drink)
6. If victim is unconscious, giving glucose by mouth is not allowed.

Front 35

What should you check for in anaphylactic shock?

Back 35

HICCEL

H - Hives
I - Itching
C - Cyanosis
C - Constriction of chest
E - Edema of lips and tongue
L - Laryngeal spasm

Front 36

What is the first aid in anaphylactic shock?

Back 36

1. Secure the victim, and if you can, eliminate the contact with the allergen.
2. Call an ambulance
3. Open the airway.
4. Check vital signs every few minutes.

Front 37

What is the first aid in heat cramps?

Back 37

1. Move victim to a cool place
2. Lay the victim down and elevate his legs.
3. If still conscious, give liquids to drink.
4. Call an ambulance.
5. Check vital signs every few minutes.

Front 38

In heat stroke, the production of _______ fails and ____________. In this state, even brain cells may be _____.

Back 38

sweat fails; body temperature increases; cooked.

Front 39

What is the first aid in heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

Back 39

1. Move victim to cool place.
2. Lay victim down and elevate his legs.
3. Cool the victim (you can use cool water)
4. If still conscious, give liquids to drink (maybe not expected in heat stroke)
5. Call an ambulance.
6. Check vital signs every few minutes.

Front 40

How is the skin in third degree burn?

Back 40

Dry, BROWN/WHITE, no pain, distinct odour.

Front 41

In burn injuries, blisters are seen in __________.

Back 41

Second degree burn

Front 42

If the burned area is large, ___________ can exist - _______,______ pulse.

Back 42

hypovolaemic shock; faster, weaker

Front 43

What is the first aid in burn injuries?

Back 43

1. Move the victim to a safe place.
2. Cool the burned area with cold water
3. Lay the victim down and elevate his legs.
4. Call an ambulance
5. Check vital signs
6. Cover burned area with dry sterile dressing.
7. To estimate hte percentage of burns, use the Rule of Nines.

Front 44

What is the rule of nines?

Back 44

Estimates the percentage of the body covered by burn injuries.

Divides the adult body into sections of 9% (exception: genitals, ~1%).

Front 45

The classification of hypothermia is based on the internal temperature of the body, which is checked at the ______________.

Back 45

Tympanic membrane

Front 46

Mild, moderate and severe hypothermia is defined as?

Back 46

Mild: 34-36
Moderate: 30-34
Severe: < 30