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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Goals of structural family therapy (Minuchin)
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- joining and accommodating
- assessing family interactions - monitoring dysfunctional family sets - restructuring transactional patterns |
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assessment in family therapy (structural)
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- direct attention to family's current organization, which they diagram in graphic form to map out relational patterns within the family
- structural map/ family mapping: understanding compex interactive patterns - boundary making: distance between enmeshed to allow marginalized in - unbalancing: changing hierarchical relationships between members of parental subsystems |
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restructuring (structural)
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- change in family rules and realign, change in patterns that support certain desirable behaviors,and change in sequences of interactions
- reframing |
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Symptoms in Strategic family therapy (Haley and Madanes)
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- a symptom is a strategy, adaptive to current social situations, for controlling a relationships when all other strategies have failed
- power and control are core of family functioning - conflict is not a struggle to control another, but control the definition of the relationship - interpersonal events - problems come from dissatisfaction with roles |
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therapeutic strategies (strategic)
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- intervene at specific presenting problem, deal with present ways problem is maintained, and customize strategies designed to track and alter problemed relational interaction sequences
- emphasize positive by relabeling previously defined dysfunctional behavior as reasonable and understandable |
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directives (strategic)
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- tasks/assignments outside of therapist room
-- get people to behave differently so different subjective experience -- intensify therapeutic relationship by involving therapist in family's actions during time between sessions -- gather information by reactions - basic tool of approach |
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Theoretical concepts (Bowenian)
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- all concepts tied together by premise that chronic anxiety is omnipresent in life
- chronic anxiety is transmitted from past generations |
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differentiation of self (Bowen)
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- notion of forces within family lead to individuality; forces against lead to togetherness
- well differentiated person is able to balance thinking and feeling and retain objectivity and flexibility - individuals with greatest fusion between thoughts and feelings function most poorly - undifferentiated family ego mass: family emotions stuck together - a conglomerate of emotional oneness and exists in all levels of intensity |
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triangles (Bowen)
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- when a certain moderate anxiety level is reached, one/both partners involve vulnerable 3rd person
- the triangle dilutes anxiety - more stable and flexible than twosome and higher tolerance for stress |
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nuclear family emotion system (Bowen)
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patterns of emotional functioning
- physical/ emotional dysfunction in spouse - alternative to dealing with conflict - overt, chronic, and unresolved marital conflict: cycles of emotional distance and emotional over closeness - psychological impairment in a child: focus on child and deny own lack of differentiation |
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family projection process (Bowen)
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- process provides means by which parents transmit own low level of differentiation onto the most susceptible child
- intensity related to: 1 degree of immaturity/ undifferentiation of parents, 2 level of stress/ anxiety from experiences |
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emotional cutoff (Bowen)
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- children less involved in projection process are more apt to emerge with greater ability to withstand fusion and separate thinking and feeling
- cutoff: flight of extreme emotional distancing in order to break emotional ties - way of managing unresolved attachment - cutoff reflects a problem (underlying fusion), solves a problem (reducing anxiety associated with making contact), and creates a problem (isolate those who might benefit from closer contact |
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sibling position (Bowen)
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hypothesis: children develop fixed personality traits based on birth order
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genogram (family systems)
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- concise pictoral depictions
- suggest emotional patterns in family - gives family inkling of intergenerational family relational patterns |
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therapeutic goals (family systems)
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- basic goals: management of anxiety and relief from symptoms, increase in each participant's level of differentiation in order to improve adaptiveness
- therapist tracks and shifts from group to individuals |
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symptoms and family balance (satir)
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- wanted to determine "price" each part of system "pays" to keep overall balance
- any symptom signals blockage in growth |
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individual growth and development (satir)
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- factors influencing human development
-- unchangeable genetic endowment -- longitudinal influences -- constant mind-body interactions - longitudinal influences are significant - primary survival triad is essential source of self-identification - mind, body, feeling triad |
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family roles and communication styles (Satir)
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- dysfunctional communication reflects dysfunctional family systems
- five roles: placater, blamer, super-reasonable, irrelevant, and congruent communication |
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seed model (Satir)
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- personhood rather than role determines identity
- change is ongoing life process and opportunity for growth |
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family reconstruction (Satir)
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- guides clients to unlock dysfunctional patterns stemming from family of origin
- goals: -- reveal to family members source of old learning -- enable them to develop more realistic picture of the personhood of their parents -- pave way for members to find own personhood |
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therapeutic philosophy of narrative therapy
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- Therapist's efforts directed at liberating client from forces of hopelessness, helping that person render more visible the previous subjugated plots/subplots of life
- give opportunity to consider wide range of choices while freed from person or culture's excessive demands |
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externalizing problems (NT)
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- help place problem outside of self and attach new meaning to experiences
- recognize they and the problem are not the same - separate identity - external conversations are post structural procedures that emphasize language and meaning attached to an experience |
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employing therapeutic questions (NT)
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- questions open new avenues for thought
- use directed as that encourage families to view the problem as some entity or thing situated outside of family - less interested in cause of problem that its negative effect on family life over time |
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unique outcomes (NT)
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- exceptional events, actions, thoughts contradicting problem-saturated story
- open doors to exploring alternative narratives |
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beliefs/ components (SFBT)
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- concerned with change rather than why
- use of "solution talk" rather than "problem talk" - emphasis on language in attributing meanings to their behaviors - discover creative solutions to be unstuck - change cognition in order to open possibility of finding new ways to deal with problem |
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exceptions (SFBT)
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- miracle questions
- exception finding questions - scaling questions |
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SFBT organized around 2 activities
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- creating well-defined goals
- developing solutions based on exceptions |
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Systems theory (Structural)
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- generic term for studying a group of related elements that interact as a whole entity
- encompasses general systems theory and cybernetics - believes that systems, including families can be understood by looking at a process and structure -- process: patterns of interactions and relationships -- arrangement of the interacting components |
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cybernetics (structural)
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- study of machines that regulate themselves - introduced by Gregory Bateson
- focuses attention on family rules that govern a family's homeostatic range, negative feedback, or mechanisms that families use to enforce those rules, sequences of family interaction around a problem that characterize the system's reaction to it, and what happens when a system's negative feedback is ineffective, triggering positive feedback loops - focus on second-order change: change is the family rules, rather that first-order change: some behavior changes but they are still governed by the same rules |
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three constructs of structural
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- family structure
- subsystems - boundaries |
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family structure (structural)
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- describes the predictable sequences or organized pattern in which family members interact
- the shape that a family's structure takes is partly universal and partly idiosyncratic - family structure only becomes less evident when one observes the actual interactions among family members over time, and possesses knowledge of a theoretical system that explains structure |
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subsystems (structural)
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families contain subsystems of members who join together to perform various functions - may consist of individual, dyads, or larger groups
- family roles- covert coalition: usually between parent and child; more significant that obvious grouping |
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boundaries (structural)
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- boundaries serve to protect the separateness and autonomy of the family and its subsystem
-- rigid: overly restrictive and permit little contact with outside systems resulting in disengagement -- enmeshed: diffuse boundaries, heightened feelings of mutual support but at the expense of independence and autonomy |
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normal family development (structural)
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- adaptive families modify their structure to accommodate changing circumstances
- dysfunctional families increase rigidity of structures that are no longer functional |
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development of behavioral disorders (structural)
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- structural problems arise when it fails to adjust to changing circumstances
- dysfunction results from combination of stress and failure to reorganize and cope with it |
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goal of therapy (structural)
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- structural change, problem-solving is a by-product
- creation of an effective hierarchical structure, where parents are in charge of functioning together as cohesive subsystem - in enmeshed families, goal is to differentiate individuals |
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common therapeutic strategies of structural and strategic family therapy
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- pre-session planning meeting
- session - intermission - end-session intervention - post-session discussion |
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strategic family therapy
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- directive therapy approach in which the therapist plans a strategy for solving the problem
- therapist defines presenting problem in way it can be solved |
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theoretical assumptions of strategic
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- a problem is defined as a sequence of acts among persons
- a symptom is a label of social organization - systemic perspective - therapist takes responsibility for directly influencing people - hypothesizing is the starting point - directives |
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strategies of strategic (7)
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- hypothesizing
- team work - positive reframing - psycho-education - directives - indirect interventions - homework |
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goal of strategic
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- structural reorganization of the family hierarchy and boundaries
- immediate: resolve presenting problem - development of harmony and balance |
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basic concepts of Satirian
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- premised on the view that families are balanced, rule-governed systems that, throughout the basic components of communication and self-esteem, provide a context for growth and development
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assumptions of Satir
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- natural movement of all individuals is toward positive growth
- all individuals possess the resources necessary for positive growth and development - everyone and everything is impacted by, and impacts everyone and everything else - each family member is to become as whole as possible and therapy is to provide a supportive context for such development |
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triads (Satir)
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- the primary survival triad is the child and parents
- other important triad is body, mind, and feelings |
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four universal communication patterns that express one's defensive postures (Satir)
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[words, body, insides]
- placater:agree, placates (helpless), worthessness - blamer:dsagree, blames, lonely - computer: reasonable, computes, vulnerability - distracter: irrelevants, angular, worthlessness |
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goals of HVPM
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- promote growth, self-esteem, and connection
- expand awareness, help family reach congruent communication and interaction - teach feedback communication |
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process of change HVPM
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- family is helped to move from status quo through chaos to new possibilities and new integrations
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8 Bowenian constructs
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- differentiation of self
- emotional triangles - nuclear family emotional process - family projection process - multigenerational transmission process - sibling position - emotional cutoff - societal regression |
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central concepts of Bowen
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- togetherness and individuality
- differentiation of self |
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cornerstone of differentiation of self (Bowen)
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the degree to which one balances:
- emotional and intellectual functioning - intimacy and autonomy in interpersonal relationships |
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differentiation of self (Bowen)
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- more highly differentiated individuals can experience strong emotion but can shift to logical reasoning for decision making and problem solving when circumstances dictate
- undifferentiated persons tend to act solely on the basis of feelings - they conform or rebel |
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emotional triangles (Bowen)
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- all emotionally significant relationships are shadowed by third parties
- triangles let of steam but freezes conflicts in place, and that becomes a chronic diversion that undermines relationships - most family problems are triangular, and thus working on twosomes may yield limited results |
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nuclear family emotional process (Bowen)
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- refers to basic emotional forces in the family - mother, father, children
- lack of differentiation constrains members' abilities to regulate emotionality and manage anxiety and stress |
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family projection process (Bowen)
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- parents transmit lack of differentiation to their children
- the child who is the intense focus of the parent becomes primary object of family projection |
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multigenerational transmission process (Bowen)
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- the child most involved in family's fusion move toward a lower level of differentiation of self
- the least involved child moves to higher level of differentiation - notion that emotional illness beyond the individual to the extended family - problems with the IP are the product of his relationship with his parents, which is a product of the relationship of their parents, continuing back for several generations |
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sibling position (Bowen)
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- children prone to develop certain personality characteristics based on sibling position in family
- firstborns identify more with power and authority and tend to be more self-confident - laterborns identify moe as oppressed, question the status quo, and are more open to experience |
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emotional cutoff (Bowen)
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- emotionally cut-off person finds intimacy profoundly threatening
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societal emotional process (Bowen)
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- refers to emotional process in society as a background influence on all families
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normal family development (Bowen)
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- optimal development occur when all members are relatively differentiated, anxiety is low, and parents are in good emotional contact
- the family life cycle is a socially-embedded process of expansion, contraction, and realignment of the family system to support the entry, exist, and individual development of family members |
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development of behavior disorders (Bowen)
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symptoms reflect:
- level of chronic anxiety - level of differentiation in a family system |
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goals (Bowen)
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- decrease levels of anxiety
- increase levels of differentiation - gain insight into forces of family system (process and structure) |
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assessment (Bowen)
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- genograms
- process questions - relationship experiments - detriangulation |
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SFBT
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- help clients shift attention from problems onto things going well
- the shift (failures to success) helps people stop dwelling on the negative and turn to positive already in repertoire |
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assumptions of SFBT
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- individuals are healthy and competent
- they have capability to construct solutions to enhance their lives - people want change |
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development of behavior disorders (SFBT)
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- thinking about what causes problems is avoided
- solutions are seen as unrelated to the ways that problems develop, and thus "problem talk" and the related preoccupation with etiology is seen as part of the reason people stay stuck in their dilemmas |
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goals of SFBT
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- helping people amplify excepts to their problems
- goals revolve around resolution of presenting problem - find client's strengths |
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solution building in SFBT
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- describing problem
- developing well-formed goals - exploring for exceptions - formulating and delivering feedback to clients - measuring and amplifying client progress |
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therapeutic strategies (SFBT)
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- problem identification and description
- setting well-formed goals |
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Narrative therapy
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- individuals construct meaning of life in interpretive stories which have been treated as truth
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focus of Narrative therapy
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- establish collaborative relationship
- listen to client's stories - search for resourceful times in client's life - avoid accepting a totalizing description of themselves based on a problem - assist clients in mapping the influence a problem has had on their lives - assist clients in separating themselves from the dominant stories they have internalized |
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role of stories (NT)
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- we live our lives by stories we tell about ourselves and that others tell about us
- these stories shape our reality - the stories not only change the person telling the story but also change the therapist who is privileged to be part of this unfolding process |
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therapeutic process (NT)
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- collaborate with client to come up with more mutually acceptable name for problem
- personify the problem and attribute oppressive intentions and tacts to it - investigate how the problem has been disrupting, dominating, or discouraging to the client - invite the client to see his story from different perspective |
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functional family therapy
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- built upon many common therapeutic principles of predecessors, more generic common factor of good therapy, and extensive clinical experience
- FFT goes beyond common factor through use of systematic, relationally focused, researched based approach to the complex mechanisms and process of therapeutic change - relies on phase-based change mechanisms |
