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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reassessing the Demographic Transition: Needed Mindset from Cairo conference ‘94:
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-Development must be linked to a reduction in poverty
-Existing poverty is an affront to humanity and should not be tolerated -Both poverty and development are threats to the health of the environment |
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dependency ratio
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ratio of non-working to
working individuals in a population. As birth rates drop, the number of working individuals increases relative to younger and older members. |
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Reasons for Large Families in Developing Countries
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-Old age security – to assure caring for older parents
-High infant and childhood mortality rates -Children are an economic asset – more hands available to do needed work -Education is an economic liability – education is expensive/not important especially for girls; less kids to work * -Status of women – tradition discourages women from doing anything but bear kids or domestic duties; more children, the more respect a woman receives* -Unavailability of contraceptives – expensive, too.* |
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Contraceptives
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-Psychological/Behavioral: abstention, calendar rhythm method
-Mechanical: condoms, diaphragms -Chemical: the pill, Norplant -Surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy -Intrauterine Devices (IUD): abortion device |
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The Poverty Cycle
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Poverty -> overuse of resources for survival = environmental degration -> lack of contraceptives= high fertility rate -> dwindling resources divided among more people= poverty
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Why are smaller families
seen in societies with industrialization and development? |
- High cost of raising children
- Opportunities for more women to join the work force - Free access to inexpensive contraceptives - Wider education opportunities and higher education [expected] achievement - Older age at marriage |
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Some Sobering Facts
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-One-fifth of the world’s population (1.2 billion) live on less than $1/day
-1.5 billion lack access to clean water -2.4 billion lack access to sanitary facilities -790 million are malnourished -Environmental degradation is rampant -Fertility rates highest in poorest countries |
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Promoting Development: Good and Bad News
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-Millennium development goals
-World agencies at work -The debt crisis -Development aid |
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what is the “World Bank?”
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A branch of the UN that loans money at low or no
interest to developing countries to aid in making improvements to the poor and the environment |
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there are positives
and negatives of world bank. |
Helped initiate the Millennium Development Goals
Environmental strategy: Making Sustainable Commitments (2002) [next slide] |
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The Debt Crisis – The World Bank
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-Corruption, Mismanagement & Miscalculation
$2.44 trillion in 2001 - The typical credit–debt trap (interest cycle) - Creditor countries primary beneficiaries as principal and interest expected to be paid back – this is “development aid?” |
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Coping with the Debt Crisis
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-Grow cash crops at expense of peasant farmers; hunger & poverty increased
-Develop austerity measures – gov’ts cut expenditures to pay interest on loans; programs cut hurt the country (schools, roads, health clinics, etc.) -Exploit natural resources for quick cash; earnings still low |
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The Greatest Challenge to Health Care in Developing Countries
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AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
-90+% of all HIV-infected people (~50 million) live in developing countries, and most of these people are unaware they are infected. AIDS effects: *Mortality rates increase *Higher numbers of children diagnosed One million elementary students lost teachers 25 million AIDS orphans in developing world by 2010 Drugs to treat it are expensive and require a health care infrastructure that isn’t there in poor nation s |
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Family Planning
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-Counseling on: STDs, contraceptives, -spacing children, pregnancy avoidance
-Supplying contraceptives -Pre- and postnatal care |
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What is a Grameen Bank?
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Provide small loans to individuals (as low as 67$) in developing countries to help them start a business (e.g. farmer buy seed, baker buy pans, etc.)
-Primarily to women -Do not upset existing social structure -Utilize local resources -Help develop self-reliance |
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The world’s poor depend on
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local ecosystem
capital resources (water, soil, forests) A considerable part of the problem w/resource mgmt is poor utilization of those resources |
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The 1994 Cairo Conference
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All nations agreed that population is an issue of crisis proportions that must be confronted forthrightly.
Formulated the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action (ICPD Program of Action) |
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The 1994 Int’l Conference on Population & Development (ICPD) Program of Action
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-Maintaining and enhancing productivity of natural resources
-Empowerment of women -Emphasis on family |
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The 1994 ICPD Program of Action
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-Enhancing reproductive and basic health of women and children
-Improve education opportunities for women -Reduce population migrations -International cooperation (0.7% -GNP of developed world) |
