Endocrine Glands - System A&p

Front 1

Where is pituitary gland located?

Back 1

the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain

Front 2

How does the pituitary attach to the hypothalamus?

Back 2

infindulum

Front 3

The hypophyseal bud gives rise to _____________; whereas the neurohypophyseal bud gives rise to the _______________.

Back 3

anterior ; posterior

Front 4

What are the secretions of the posterior pituitary known as?

Back 4

neuropeptides

Front 5

What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary?

Back 5

pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

Front 6

Explain the anatomy of the Hypothalamohypophysial portal system

Back 6

A system of veins that originate in the hypothalamus and pass through the pituitary gland and into its anterior lobe, where they branch into a capillary bed and convey releasing factors to the anterior lobe

Front 7

What does this hypothalamas hormone do? Growth Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Back 7

Increased growth hormone secretion

Front 8

What does this hypothalamas hormone do? Growth Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) aka Somatostatin

Back 8

Inhibits growth hormone secretion

Front 9

What does this hypothalamas hormone do? Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Back 9

Increased thyroid stimulating hormone secretion

Front 10

What does this hypothalamas hormone do? Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Back 10

Increased adenocorticotropic hormone secretion

Front 11

What does this hypothalamas hormone do? Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GRH)

Back 11

Increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Front 12

What does this hypothalamas hormone do? Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

Back 12

Increased prolactin secretion

Front 13

What does this hypothalamas hormone do? Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

Back 13

Decreased prolactin secretion

Front 14

What are the actions of ADH (aka vasopressin)?

Back 14

Antidiuretic

Front 15

How is the secretion and release of ADH controlled?

Back 15

If the concentration of electrolytes increases or if the concentration of water decreases, then ADH secretion is stimulated

If BP decreases, then ADH secretion is stimulated

Front 16

What are the actions of OT (Oxytocin aka Bonding Hormone)?

Back 16

Let down milk for breastfeeding, uterine contraction after childbirth

Front 17

What are the functions of growth hormone?

Back 17

1) Stimulates uptake of amino acids; protein synthesis

2) Stimulates breakdown of fats

3) Promotes bone and cartilage growth

4) Regulates blood levels of nutrients after a meal and during periods of fasting

Front 18

Explain the direct effect of growth hormone.

Back 18

GH binds to receptors on cells and causes changes within the cells. Adipose

Front 19

Explain the indirect effect of growth hormone.

Back 19

causes liver and skeletal muscle to produce somatomedins; e.g., insulin-like growth factors

Front 20

Describe the following disorders which result from abnormal secretion of growth hormone: Pituitary dwarf

Back 20

due to an isolated deficiency of GH

Front 21

Describe the following disorders which result from abnormal secretion of growth hormone: Giantism

Back 21

over-production of growth hormone before puberty/epiphyseal plate closure

Front 22

Describe the following disorders which result from abnormal secretion of growth hormone: Acromegaly

Back 22

excess growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty

Front 23

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) corticotrophin

Back 23

Increased glucocorticoid hormone secretion

Front 24

Glygogenesis:

Back 24

Glucose → Glycogen

Front 25

Glycogenolysis

Back 25

Glycogen → Glucose

Front 26

Glycolysis

Back 26

Glucose → Pyruvic acid

Front 27

Lipogenesis

Back 27

Sythesis of fatty acids from metabolic products

Front 28

Lipolysis

Back 28

Breakdown of fatty acids through β oxidation. Acetyl group enters Kreb's Cycle

Front 29

Protein synthesis

Back 29

Amino acids linked together to make protein

Front 30

Gluconeogenesis

Back 30

Amino acids deaminated, ketone groups enter metabolic pathway

Front 31

How is thyroid hormone transported in the blood?

Back 31

Transported in blood bound to thyroxine-binding globulin from the liver.

Front 32

Explain the relationship between T3 and T4

Back 32

33-40% of T4converted to T3in cells: T3 more potent

Front 33

What is the mechanism of action of thyroxin (thyroid hormone)?

Back 33

Bind with intracellular receptor molecules and initiate new protein synthesis

Front 34

Explain the regulation of the secretion of T3/T4 hormone

Back 34

1) Stress and hypothermia cause TRH to be released

2) TRH causes anterior pituitary secret TSH

3) TSH causes increased synthesis of T3/T4

Front 35

Cretinism

Back 35

Caused by maternal iodine deficiency or congenital errors in thyroid hormone synthesis; results in mental
retardation and a short, grotesque appearance

Front 36

Myxedema

Back 36

hypothyroidism (hair loss, constipation, weight gain, dry skin, low heart rate, low BP)

Front 37

Grave’s disease

Back 37

Characterized by goiter and exophthalmos; apparently an autoimmune disease; most patients have long-acting
thyroid stimulator, a TSH-like immune globulin, in their plasma

Front 38

Simple goiter

Back 38

dietary iodine intake is very low and there is too little
iodine to synthesize T3 and T4

Front 39

What are the actions of Calcitonin CT?

Back 39

Primary target tissue: bone. Decreases osteoclast activity, lengthens life span of osteoblasts.

Front 40

How is Calcitonin regulated?

Back 40

Produced by parafollicular cells
•
Secretion triggered by high Ca2+ concentration in blood; acts to decrease Ca2+concentration

Front 41

Any pathologic conditions related to faulty secretion of Calcitonin?

Back 41

No (Osteoporosis?)