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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the assumptions that behaviorists make about learning?
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Relationships among stimuli and responses.
Involves a change in behavior. Most likely to occur when stimuli and responses occur at about the same time. Many animals (including humans) learn in similar ways. |
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What are the major differences between classical and operant conditioning?
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Classical-replacement of something
Operant-must make a response. Reinforcer must follow the response. |
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What is a "reinforcement," and what are the major types defined by behaviorists?
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Anything that strengthens the probability that a behavior will be done again.
1 Primary 2 Secondary 3 Positive 4 Negative 5 Group Contingency 6 Premack Principle 7 Extrinsic 8 Intrinsic |
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What is Primary Reinforcement?
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Biologically based. will work for EVERYONE!!! water, food, air,...
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What is Secondary Reinforcement?
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learned reinforcers. different ones will work for different people.
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What is Positive Reinforcement?
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add or give to people when they perform the desired behavior
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What is Negative Reinforcement?
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present people with negative stimulus in order to stop a behavior
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What is Group Contingency?
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everyone in group receives reinforcement based on group performance
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What is Premack Principle?
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(Grandma Principle) trade high probability behavior to get low probability behavior. (Eat your veggies if you want dessert.)
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What are the mechanisms that cause people to reduce behavior in behaviorism?
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Group Contingency
Extinction Cueing |
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What is Group Contingency?
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Everyone can receive reinforcement based on group performance
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What is extinction?
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Increase in response. Remove all reinforcement. (getting rid of)
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What is Cueing?
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Verbal cues. Body language. Physical proximity. Letting them know reinforcement is available.
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What is Punishment I?
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Do something to get them to stop a behavior. More primary and immediate.
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What is Punishment II?
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Take something away from the person that they value to end their behavior.
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What are the side effects of punishment?
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doesn't teach what to do (teaches what NOT to do)
emotional side effects (don't like people that punish you) reinforcing to punisher (increases probability of punishing again) |
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What are ineffective forms of punishment?
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physical punishment
psychological punishment extra class work out-of-school suspensions |
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What are some of the areas of influence that we see of behaviorism on American education?
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Behavioral Objectives
Mastery Learning Individualized approaches to instruction Accountability movement Direct instruction models (standardized test) |
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What are the biblical implications of behaviorism? Positive
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Associative (with skills) (linking knowledge to skills)
Doing, not just knowing (they're connected) |
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What are the biblical implications of behaviorism? Negative
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Naturalistic (Nothing but animals)
Humans are machines Not responsible for actions (you're based on your environment) Manipulative |
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What are the basic assumptions about learning made by social cognitive theorists?
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-Behavior eventually becomes self-regulated (eventually we develop ability to reinforce/punish self)
-People can learn from observing others (imitation) -Learning is an internal process, so not all learning is behavioral -Behavior is directed toward goals that people set for themselves (set own goals) -Reinforcement and punishment can indirectly influence learning (vicarious reinforcement) |
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What do social cognitivists believe about the relationship of reinforcement and punishment in their theory?
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Expectations:
-for future responses are based on how current responses are reinforced or punished. -are formed based on the consequences to others (vicarious experience) -are based on how they are cognitively processed -influence how we choose to behave Non-occurrences of expected consequences have reinforcing or punishing effect |
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What is a live model?
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people that the learner has proximity to
most powerful people they can observe and interact with |
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What is a symbolic model?
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Character (real or fake) (past, present, or future)
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What is a synthesized model?
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occur later in life
develop ideal sense of you pull different traits from different people (Role Model) |
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What is a verbal mediation model?
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refer to a model
WWJD? refers to Jesus as a model |
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What makes an effective model?
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competence
prestige and power gender appropriate behavior behavior relevant to the learner's situation |
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What are the variables that affect our ability to learn from models?
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attention
retention production motivation and reinforcement (direct, vicarious, self-reinforcement) |
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Define "reciprocal causation" and the three variables associated with it?
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1. environmental factors
2. personal factors 3. behaviors |
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What are the biblical implications associated with social cognitive theory? (positive)
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-the importance of models (show others Christ)
-importance of values (influence what we choose) -responsibility for actions - development of "ideal-self" (Christ-likeness) |
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What are the biblical implications associated with social cognitive theory? (negative)
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-influence of sin nature on goals/expectations (all about me!)
-choosing models that benefit self (not others) (don't pick best models sometimes) |
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What are the major differences between cognitive and behavioral theories of learning?
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Cognitive Theories says that behavior is NOT learning!
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What are the five types of knowledge that cognitivists normally talk about?
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General
Domain-Specific Declarative Procedural Conditional |
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What is General Knowledge?
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can be used across different domains (reading, writing, arithmetic)
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What is Domain-Specific Knowledge?
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specific to a certain discipline or specific subject
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What is declarative knowledge?
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facts/theories/concepts
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What is Procedural Knowledge?
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doing things
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What is conditional knowledge?
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knowing when to use certain declarative or procedural knowledge
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What are the general characteristics of sensory memory?
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Capacity: Very large, takes in more than we can handle
Duration: 1-3 seconds Content: coded briefly as images, auditory sensations as sounds patterns, other sensations have own code. |
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What are the general characteristics of working memory?
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Capacity: Very limited (5-9 new items or "chunks")
Duration: 5-20 sec Content: images that resemble perceptions from sensory register; or abstractions based on meaning from long-term memory Retrieval: immediate |
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What are the general characteristics of long-term memory?
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Capacity: practically unlimited
Duration: permanent (limitations on retrieval) Content: propositional networks, schema, imagery, prototypes, scripts, episodes, procedures Retrieval: depends on representation and organization |
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What are some reasons that are attributed to forgetting?
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-Interference: working memory has limited space
-Reconstruction Error: when we recall LTM and WM does not remember exactly -Decay: out of practice -Failure to retrieve due to context -Failure to store: does NOT get to LTM |
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What is "metacognition" and what are some of the functions attributed to it?
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-Controls all other parts of the memory
-executive control processes -knowledge regulation -thinking and learning regulation 1. Planning 2. Monitoring 3. Evaluation |
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What is the difference between teaching declarative and procedural knowledge?
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D: triangle on tip 1. construct meaning 2. organize 3. store
P: pyramid 1. construct model 2. shape 3. internalize |
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What are the biblical implications of cognitive theory? (positive)
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active learners
meaning-makers what we know effects what we learn the importance of attention |
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What are the biblical implications of cognitive theory? (negative)
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Knowing and doing
sin effects perception attention as will not just sensation |
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Define "constructivism" and what are the basic assumptions about learning made by constructivists?
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-View that emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and make sense of information.
-learning is an active process, people learn to learn as they learn, constucting meaning is mental, learning is a social activity, learning is contextual, we build on what we know, learning takes time, motivation is a key component in learning |
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What are the three types of constructivism?
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External (exogenous)
Internal (endogenous) Both external and internal (dialectical) |
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What is external constructivism?
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absolute truth does exist and humans have the capacity
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What is internal constructivism?
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what is true is what you make up in mind
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What are the common themes seen in most constructivist classrooms?
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-complex, challenging learning environments and authentic tasks
-social and shared responsibility in learning -multiple representations of content -understanding that knowledge is constructed -student-centered instruction |
