Cultural Anthro Exam 3

Front 1

Why does religion persist?

Back 1

-transmitted through enculturation
-creates and maintains group identity
-psychological benefits

Front 2

Totemism

Back 2

symbolic association with an object through stipulated descent
-functions to create a common identity

Front 3

Mana

Back 3

sacred, impersonal force residing in people animals, plants, or objects
-associated with luck or fortune

Front 4

Magic

Back 4

supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims
-most prevalent in situations of chance and uncertainty
-reduces stress, creates illusion of control when little control exists

Front 5

Taboos

Back 5

strong social prohibition against words, objects, actions, etc
-breaking a taboo is considered objectionable or abhorrent

Front 6

Rituals

Back 6

stylized and repetitive
performed in sacred places at set times
transmit enduring cultural messages

Front 7

Rites of passage

Back 7

rituals associated with transition from one place or stage of life to another
-change in social status
-help create and maintain group identity

Front 8

Witchcraft

Back 8

-nearly universal
-become socially important during times of crisis
-accusations more common during times of stress and social upheaval

Front 9

Witchcraft Explains Unfortunate Events (Evans-Pritchard)

Back 9

-British colonialists opinion that beliefs in witchcraft and other superstitious evidence for primitive people being inferior

Front 10

proximate vs. ultimate cause

Back 10

proximate: an event which is immediately responsible for causing an observed result
ultimate: the real reason something occured - witchcraft in this context

Front 11

Feminine Power at Sea (Rodgers)

Back 11

Linguistic analysis of maritime culture (naming of ships)
- sailors view the ship as a living, feminine, and anthropomorphic being
+: ship anthropomorphized as woman, christening performed by woman
-: taboos against women on board or in shipyard

Front 12

Baseball Magic (Gmelch)

Back 12

-rituals are comforting, bring sense of order, help with concentration
-breaking baseball taboos lead to misfortune and curses
-magic rituals associated with acts of uncertainty more commonly

Front 13

Liminality

Back 13

"betwixt and between" social statuses
cut off from normal social life

Front 14

Communitas

Back 14

collective liminality. Intense feeling of social solidarity among initiates

Front 15

Incorporation

Back 15

re-integrated into society with a new status

Front 16

Achieved vs. Ascribed status

Back 16

ascribed: automatic, a status that you have little to no control over
achieved: status that come through choices, actions, accomplishments

Front 17

Social stratification

Back 17

hierarchical ranking of individuals and groups in any given society
- inequality patterned in such a way that people of one group tend to get more rewards of have higher status than others
-transmitted through enculturation

Front 18

Race

Back 18

any of the groups into which humans can be divided according to their physical characteristics
- ascribed status

Front 19

Ethnic Group

Back 19

a group of people distinguished by cultural similarities and differences; share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms
-ascribed status

Front 20

Hypodescent

Back 20

the principle that a child of mixed descent is automatically classified as minority

Front 21

Anthropometry

Back 21

measurement of the human body to understanding human physical variation
- determining groups by anthropometric measures no longer make logical sense

Front 22

Racial Odyssey (Rensberger)

Back 22

Humans have many differences besides skin color, hair texture, facial features
- evolutionary success attributable to genetic variability
- skin color is not unique to a single group
- "hybrid vigor" is key to evolutionary success

Front 23

"Mixed Race" problem (Aspinall)

Back 23

"mixed race" has negative connotations
however, term generally understood and deployed in everyday usage

Front 24

Under the Shadow of Tuskagee (Gamble)

Back 24

Tuskagee: infamous biomedical research study in which control group was left untreated, uninformed of their condition
- primarily poor blacks = "medical racism"
- legacy of racism in medicine, blacks do not trust medical and public health system

Front 25

The Bell Curve Phenomenon (Cohen)

Back 25

intelligence is genetically determined, races differ in intelligence
- explores idea that IQ is a cause of poverty, class, status, criminality
-those who design standardized tests fail to see how their questions are culturally biased

Front 26

Race and eugenics

Back 26

eugenics: the study and practice of selective breeding in order to improve the quality of the human species --> prevent certain members from reproducing

Front 27

Different interpretations of racial differences

Back 27

- low IQ and other inherited traits are why blacks are poor, live in crime ridden neighborhoods, have high rate of incarceration, high illegitimacy rate, etc.
- legacy of racism and discrimination are why blacks are poor....

Front 28

Linguistic Profiling (Baugh)

Back 28

- linguistic patterns vary by ethnic group
- people judge intelligence based on linguistic patterns
- people treat others according to judgments made on the basis of linguistic patterns
- call screening expt.

Front 29

Nationalism

Back 29

stresses the solidarity of the nation state, regardless of socio-economic class, rural-urban, regional, or ethnic distinctions

Front 30

Nationality

Back 30

ethnic groups that one had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status
-considered threats to national unity by leaders of nation states

Front 31

Nation-states

Back 31

independent, centrally organized political unit, or government
-political boundaries do not correlate with ethnic boundaries; most are ethnically diverse

Front 32

Assimilation (forced, coerced, encouraged)

Back 32

the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit
-forced: by law enforcement
-coerced: social enforcement
-encouraged: ex becoming a US citizen

Front 33

Multiculturalism

Back 33

individuals socialized into dominant culture as well as their original culture

Front 34

Acculturation

Back 34

the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into cts firsthand contact - remain distinct

Front 35

Bicultural Conflict (Sung)

Back 35

Chinese immigrants - home vs. school
parents and teachers ascribe other meanings or motives to child's behavior
child forced to choose

Front 36

American vs. Chinese cultural differences (aggressiveness, sexuality, sports, education, thrift)

Back 36

aggressiveness: A glorifies, C bottom of social order
sexuality: A dating is a big part of adolescence, C discourage their children from dating
sports: A emphasis on competition, C emphasis on developing intellect
education: A being smart is devalued, C education is highest virtue
Thrift: A children have spending money, C save money for future, no spending money

Front 37

Playing Indian at Halftime (Pewawardy)

Back 37

stereotypical images of Indians as school mascots
-must take a cultural relativist lens (both sides)

Front 38

cultural imperialism

Back 38

the spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other societies, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys - usually because of differential economic or political influence

Front 39

globalization

Back 39

the accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems - network
- anthropology is changing its focus to the impact of globalization on local communities, rather than studying groups as isolates

Front 40

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

Back 40

Core - the most powerful nations who dominate international economy
Semi Periphery - less power, wealth, and influence, yet possess resources necessary for core
Periphery - less tech advanced, places where raw products are produced, labor is cheap, exploited by core

Front 41

Third world vs. First world

Back 41

3rd: underdevelopoed or developing (periphery)
1st: developed (core)

Front 42

Nalini by Day, Nancy by Night

Back 42

phone centers in India for the US
-globalization of labor, key to success is sounding American
-health and social consequences
-cultural imperialism?

Front 43

Marx vs. Weber

Back 43

M: class consciousness as key concept
W: identity based on ethnicity, religion, nationality, etc., can be more important than class

Front 44

Broccoli and Desire (Benson and Fischer)

Back 44

compares broccoli production in small Mayan farms to image/consumption in America
- small farmers are trying to become part of global economy, though Americans romanticize them as small business owners
-desire enmeshes people in complex econ networks
-can lead to exploitation and unjust working conditions
-exists at both sides of production and consumption

Front 45

How Sushi Went Global (Bestor)

Back 45

sushi changed from strange foreign item to upscale fare
- now serves as a marker of economic standing and worldliness
- example of acculturation
- globalization does NOT equal Westernization

Front 46

Cocaine and Economic Deterioration in Bolivia (Weatherford)

Back 46

demands of the world market for cocaine have eroded local subsistence economies for centuries
-bad for health, more land is used for coca production than for food, rural poverty gets worse
-indulgent behavior in America leads to changed lives in Bolivia

Front 47

Intervention philosophy

Back 47

an ideological justification to guide native peoples in specific directions
- first world directing 3rd world to development

Front 48

Anthropology's changing objectives

Back 48

before - role is to understand and describe other societies
after - anthropologists have the skills and knowledge to help solve problems

Front 49

academic vs. applied dimension

Back 49

academic: critiquing assumptions and discourses of development
applied: working with local people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive projects

Front 50

Kottak's suggestions for development

Back 50

avoid over-innovation
avoid under-differentiation

Front 51

Invisible Colour (Loftsdottir)

Back 51

- continuous depictions of "third world" peoples as impoverished and helpless
- continuous portrayal of whites as saviors

Front 52

The Price of Progress (Bodley)

Back 52

- benefits of progress for indigenous peoples are often illusory and detrimental
- progress pushed on people as way of getting at their resources

Front 53

diseases of development

Back 53

work and dietary changes, disrupting environmental balance, over population/urbanization/crowding

Front 54

The Ugly American Revisited (James Brain)

Back 54

"Ugly American" is a humble engineer who lives and works with villagers to develop low tech solution
-efforts undermined by state dept officials that are ignorant, arrogant, and ethnocentric

Front 55

The Anti-Politics Machine (Ferguson)

Back 55

"development" as a machine for reinforcing and expanding state bureaucratic power

Front 56

Sol Tax's Fox Project

Back 56

Native American settlement, turn toward proactive "action anthro"

Front 57

Allan Holmberg's Vicos Project

Back 57

Peruvian Andes
Goal: reduce socioeconomic stratification, integrate indigienous population into market economy

Front 58

Of Worms and Other Parasites (Dettwyler)`

Back 58

-ethnographic research done in Mali about schistosomiasis
-children were getting this so frequently that it became part of the culture and was simply a part of life for Malian people
-Dettwyler used CDA to establish local conceptions of under vs. well-nourished

Front 59

Mediating the Forest-Farmer Relationship (Dove)

Back 59

farmers - conflict with shift from state to private lands
- developers wrongly assumed farmers knew nothing about cultivating trees and only talked to leaders
anthopologists' insights:
-study all dimensions, listen to people and know what they do, communicate that knowledge to those who have the power to implement dev. projects

Front 60

Critical Reflections (Wallace)

Back 60

show how anthropological insights can be used to adapt projects in an ongoing manner
- most people in development emphasize success and downplay failures
- identifying and understanding the errors in application and the errors in assessment were fundamenly success

Front 61

Medical anthropology

Back 61

applies the tools of anthro (holistic approach, participant observation, focus on culture) to study human illness, suffering, disease, and well-being

Front 62

Cultural Adaptations to Endemic Malaria (Brown)

Back 62

geographic distribution - more prevalent in rural areas and lowlands
social distribution - infants and children more at risk, men more than women, rural workers more than urban
men occupy the public domain, more exposed to mosquitos
population unit of analysis

Front 63

Life and Death of a Street Boy (Lockhart)

Back 63

focus on stories people tell about illness
Tanzania
allows author to analyze how structural and everyday violence shapes people's lives, interplay between political econ forces and indiv. agency, the enviro risk that shapes peoples perception of certain illnesses

Front 64

Rethinking the Biological Clock (Friese)

Back 64

study of biomedicine
- new reproductive technologies influence how we view the life course
extend reproductive years

Front 65

Ethnographic Photography (Harper)

Back 65

Photography has multiple uses within the context of ethnographic research and analysis
- descriptive (confirming/enhancing textual descriptions, documenting changes)
- analytical (creating a dialogue around meanings, presenting arugments made in text)
-strategic (establishing authority of author, reliability of account)

Front 66

Advertising and Global Culture (Janus)

Back 66

study of a transnational culture (culture that is not bound to a single locality)
advertising as a means for creating or disseminating tn culture
goal: get everyone to think and act like good consumers
create the image of need while also spreading western goods and values
hypothesis: "tn advertising is one of the major reasons both for the spread of tn culture and the breakdown of traditional cultures"

Front 67

Intruders in Sacred Space - Going Native (Einhoven)

Back 67

naive view of anthro: finding the most primitive and isolate tribes who have little/no contact with outsiders - ethnocentrism
anthropologists stive to make others seem less exotic, the media strive to make them more exotic
- anthropologists have failed to popularize ethnographic knowledge

Front 68

Music as resistance

Back 68

resisting and challenging the authority of colonial and contemporary regimes
- USA: blues as a hidden transcript against legacies of slavery, "weapon of the weak"
-but eventually went mainstream so no longer a hidden transcript

Front 69

Music and symbolic capital

Back 69

listening to certain types of music can result in social benefits. in specific contexts some forms of music have higher symbolic capital than others

Front 70

Japanese Hip-Hop (Condry)

Back 70

article examines japanese hip hop as a consequence of globalization
- does the global consumption of popular culture erode cultural differences?
- or do people localize global cultural products to fit within their existing social worlds