Cscs-Chapter 6- Adaptations To Aerobic Endurance Training Programs

Front 1

primary functions of the cardiovascular system during aerobic exercise?

Back 1

to deliver oxygen and other nutrients to the working muscles and remove metabolites and waste products

Front 2

cardiac output

Back 2

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in liters per minute and is determined the quanitity of blood ejected with each beat (stroke volume) and the heart's rate of pumping (heart rate); Q=stroke volume x heart rate

Front 3

stroke volume

Back 3

quantity of blood ejected with each beat; measured in milliliters of blood per beat; begins to increase at the onset of exercise and continues to rise until the individual's oxygen consumption is at approximately 40%-50% of maximal oxygen uptake, at this point SV begins to plateau

Front 4

heart rate

Back 4

heart's rate of pumping; measured in beats (contractions) per minute

Front 5

end-diastolic volume

Back 5

the volume of blood available to be pumped by the left ventricle at the end of the filling phase or diastole

Front 6

two physiological mechanisms responsible for the regulation of stroke volume

Back 6

end-diastolic volume

2. the action of the catecholamines including epinephrine and norephinephrine, which are hormones of the sympathetic nervous system that produce a more forceful ventricular contraction and greater systolic emptying of the heart

Front 7

venous return

Back 7

the amount of blood returning to the heart; increased during aerobic exercise due to a combination of venoconstriction (induced via increased sympathetic nervous system activation), the skeletal pump, and the respiratory pump (increased respiratory frequency and tidal volume)

Front 8

frank-starling mechanism

Back 8

with an increased end-diastolic volume, the myocardial fibers become more stretched than at rest, resulting in more forceful contraction and an increase in force of systolic ejection and greater cardiac emptying; the concept that the force of contraction is a function of the length of the fibers of the muscle wall

Front 9

ejection fraction

Back 9

a measurement of the percentage of blood that leaves the heart everytime it contracts

Front 10

oxygen uptake

Back 10

the amount of oxygen consumed by the body's tissues

Front 11

oxygen demand of working tissue is related to what?

Back 11

the mass of the exercising muscle, metabolite efficiency, and exercise intensity

Front 12

maximal oxygen uptake

Back 12

the greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level for the entire body

Front 13

capacity to use oxygen is related primarily to what?

Back 13

the ability of the heart and circulatory system to transport oxygen and the ability of body tissues to use it.

Front 14

what is resting oxygen uptake?

Back 14

3.5ml of oxygen per kilogram of body weight; this is also 1 metabolic equivalent (MET)

Front 15

maximal oxygen uptake values in normal healthy individuals range from

Back 15

25-80 ml/kg/min or 7.1-22.9 METs

Front 16

fick equation

Back 16

expresses the relationship of cardiac output, oxygen uptake, and arteriovenous oxygen difference; equation used to calculate oxygen uptake (VO2); VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference

Front 17

arteriovenous oxygen difference

Back 17

the difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood); measured in milliters of oxygen per 100 ml of blood

Front 18

how to calculate oxygen uptake

Back 18

VO2= heart rate x stroke volume x a-vO2 difference; you would then divide the result by the person's weight in kilograms

Front 19

systolic blood pressure

Back 19

estimates the pressure exerted against the arteiral walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction (systole) and, when combined with heart rate, can be used to describe the myocardial oxygen consumption (work) of the heart

Front 20

rate pressure product

Back 20

myocardial oxygen consumption (work) of the heart; rate-pressure product= heart rate x systolic blood pressure

Front 21

diastolic blood pressure

Back 21

used to estimate the pressure exerted against the arterial walls when no blood is being forcefully ejected through the vessels (diastole); provides an indication of peripheral resistance and can decrease with aerobic exercise due to vasodilation

Front 22

peripheral resistance

Back 22

the resistanc of the artieries to blood flow, as the artieries constrict, the resistance increases, and as they dilate, resistance decreases

Front 23

vasodilation

Back 23

the dilation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure

Front 24

systemic circulation

Back 24

the part of the CVS which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Front 25

mean arterial pressure

Back 25

the average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle; arterial pressure remains closer to diastolic pressure than systolic pressure so the mean arterial pressure is usaully less than the average of the systolic and diastolic pressures; mean arterial blood pressure =[(systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure)/3] + diastolic blood pressure

Front 26

average blood pressure with maximal aerobic exercise

Back 26

220-260 systolic and while diastolic remains at resting level or decreases slightly

Front 27

primary mechanisms for regulating regional blood flow

Back 27

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Front 28

minute ventilation

Back 28

the volume of air breathed per minute; with aerobic exerise this increases as a result of increases in the depth of breathing, frequency of breathing, or both

Front 29

tidal volume

Back 29

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

Front 30

ventilatory equivalent

Back 30

ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen uptake