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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the different levels of communication? |
Intrapersonal- communication with yourself Interpersonal- two people Group- three or more people Public- speaking to a large audience face to face Mass-Media- audience too large for one place. Eg: newspaper, TV, Internet, etc. |
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Explain the two models of communication and why they are important. |
Frank Dance's helical model- communication is ever changing, circular, expanding, and builds upon the past. David Merlo's SMCR model- Source Message Channel Reciever model, focus on elements that must be operating effectively and location of potential barriers |
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Explain the fundamental principles of communication and their importance |
Circular- encoding and decoding messages Based on perception- effective public speakers realize influence of multiple aspects and combat them. Irreversible- you can't take your words back ALL COMMUNICATION MUST BUILD ON PREVIOUS INTERACTION |
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What is communication apprehension? |
An individual level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons |
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Types of CA |
Context- anxiety about specific contexts Situation- audience, time and context combined Trait- how people generally feel, more uncomfortable in social situations Audience- who you are talking to, a specific audience |
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Individual's firing order |
Behavior Affect Sensation Imagery Cognition Stress |
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Focused treatment for CA |
Cognitive restructuring Systematic desensitization Visualization Physical exercise & stress reduction Interpersonal support Skills training Deep abdominal breathing |
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Tips for CA |
Anxiety can be useful Seek speaking opportunities Self perception creates anxiety You feel more nervous than you look |
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What are the Intrapersonal processes? |
Frame of reference- the way you view the world Creativity- visualizing something in an innovative, new, or unique but useful way Imagined communication- talk to someone else or themselves as if they were another person Risk taking behaviors- based on past experiences, minimum necessary for growth and development Cognitive patterns- process of measuring your thinking patterns |
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What is the difference between listening and hearing? |
Listening- consciously choosing to process words and sentences Hearing- perceiving sound by the ear |
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What are the different types of listening? |
Passive- let the message "wash over" you Selective- choose to pay attention to something's and ignore others Listening for pleasure- not worried about solving problems Listening as therapy- when a friend has a problem and needs to talk Listening for comprehension- listening intently to a profs lecture Listening for evaluation- evaluating truth or falsity of message |
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How do we improve our listening? |
Note taking Previewing and reviewing Concentration Interaction Consider the context Observe nonverbal cues Listen for ideas |
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How can we no verbally display that we are listening? |
Eye contact, thumbs up, etc. |
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What are the three types of audience analysis? |
Psychological- considering impact of beliefs, attitudes, and values Demographic- sex, age, education level, religion, etc. Situation and occasion- size of audience, physical environment, nature of speaking occasion |
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What are some ways to conduct and audience analysis? |
Observation- a broadened understanding can help increase effectiveness Surveys- encourages a response to questions that will yield desired info Interviews- when in doubt about and audience |
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Explain the different types of audiences |
Small audience- more conversational and informal but requires more audience participation Large audience- more formal but the speaker must keep the audience engaged |
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What is the difference between a self-centered and an audience-centered speaker? |
Self-centered speakers- focus on issues important to them, act as though everyone has had the same experiences, lack respect for diversity, arrogant Audience-centered speakers- look at goals in terms of audience, try to understand experiences of listeners, respect diversity |
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What are the five patterns of organization? |
Topical Chronological Spatial Causal Problem/solution |
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When to use topical? |
When you are dealing with problems or policies, when nothing else works |
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When to use chronological? |
Historical events, about people, or demonstrations |
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When to use spatial? |
Buildings, objects, conditions in relative locales, gel development, or migration |
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When to use causal? |
Effects first and then probable causes, existing causes and then probable effects |
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When to use problem/solution? |
Monroe's motivated sequence- attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and call to action |
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Explain primacy and recency. |
Primacy- state of being first, increases persuasion factor and outlines information to be covered Recency- state of being last, increases persuasion factor and ability of the audience to remember info |
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Explain the components of a speech. |
Introduction- good basic foundation Body- main content Conclusion- bring home idea and create a sense of finality |
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How do you relate support to ideas? |
Didactic method- state your idea, support it, then restate it Inductive method- present the support then draw the conclusion |
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Types of transitions and when to use them. |
Signpost- alert listeners to new idea or point (first, next, finally) Internal summary and preview- reiterating main ideas and previewing next part Interjections- draws attention to a point (now this is important) Special devices- theme, key phrase, memory aid |
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What are the different methods of delivery? |
Extemporaneous- carefully prepare but delivered conversationally Impromptu- off the top of the head Manuscript- read word for word Memorized- delivering manuscript without notes |
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Explain the vocal elements of delivery and define. |
Volume- loudness and quietness Articulation- production of vowel and consonant sounds Pronunciation- correct production of sounds in relation to a specific word Rate- # of words uttered in a minute Pitch- how high or low Quality- unique musical characteristics of a speakers voice |
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Explain the bodily elements of delivery and define. |
Posture- the way you stand or sit Movement- if purposeful, helpful Gestures- should reinforce the message Facial expression- reflect meaning of message and establish relationship Eye contact- creates a more favorable image and provides you with important feedback |
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Explain the environmental/situational elements of delivery and define. |
Personal appearances- lead to conclusions about you and your credibility Time- stay within time limits, short and concise Amplification- practice if microphone is needed Physical environment- can increase effectiveness and be conducive to your goals |
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Why do we practice for our speeches? |
You will feel more comfortable. It will provide feedback and decrease flaws |
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Why do we outline? |
Organization of ideas. Promotes clarity and retention of key ideas. Helps identify where ideas need development. Helps identify where transitions are needed. Helps create useful speaking notes. |
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What are the elements of an outline? |
Title Purpose statement Central idea Introduction Body Conclusion Transitions Bibliography |
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What are the different types of outlines? |
Word outline Phrase outline Sentence outline Complete content outline |
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What types of outlines work best for formal/preparation outlines? |
Sentence and possibly phrase outlines |
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What types of outlines work best for speaking outline/notes/notecards? |
Words and phrases with sentences for quotes and stats |
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Explain the importance of the introduction and conclusion. |
Introduction- sets up favorable atmosphere, gains attention, develops interest, and strengthens credibility Conclusion- refocuses attention and establishes appropriate mood |
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How much if the speech should be dedicated to the intro and conclusion? |
Intro- 20% Conclusion- 5-10% |
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I.N.T.R.O. |
I - interest N - need T - topic R - reliability O - overview (of main points) |
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D.O.N.E. |
D - direction O - overview N - need E - excitement |
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How can you build interest in your speech? |
Involve the listeners physically or indirectly |
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How do you establish credibility? |
Establish knowledge of the subject early in the speech, do nothing to reduce trustworthiness |
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What are some tips to creating effective introductions and conclusions? |
Time (be succinct) Adapt to the event Respect expectations Avoid weaknesses |
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What are the principles of informing? |
Simplicity Clarity Credibility Interest |
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How do we work simplicity into speeches? |
Through organization |
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Explain the elements of credibility. |
Competence- knowing more than the audience Trustworthiness- assumption unless trust is violated by speaker Dynamism- energetic and responsive style of delivery Interest- relating info back to audience |
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How do we add clarity of language use? |
Phrase ideas clearly and select appropriate forms of support, avoid technical language with a nontechnical audience, don't make allusions to unknown people or events, don't try to use impressive vocabulary |
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How do we build interest in a speech? |
Show ways the presentation will benefit them, incorporate factors of attention, have the listeners participate in the presentation |
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What is the order of informative speech preparation? |
Introduction Body Conclusion |
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Describe the effective use and purpose of visual aids. |
Good for informative speeches, promotes retention, helps audience learn better when using more than one sense |
