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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two types of microbial control?
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1) sterilization
2) disinfection |
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What does sterilization mean?
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the destruction of all forms of microbial life including endospores and viruses
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Are all human pathogens eliminated when you sterilize?
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yes
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What is disinfection?
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the use of a chemical or physical agent that inhibits or destroys microbes
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What do disinfectants not kill?
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-don't kill endospores
-don't kill all viruses -not all pathogens are eliminated |
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What is "antisepsis"?
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disinfectant of tissue via a chemial
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What is "sanitization"?
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to reduce the # of pathogens on a surface to meet public health standards
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What is "pasteurization"?
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the use of heat to kill pathogens and spoilage organisms; increase shelf life; not all microbial life is eliminated
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Is all microbial life eliminated in "pasteurization"?
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no
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What are the two actions of microbial control agents?
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1)Alteration of cell wall/plasma membrane
2)Damage proteins and nucleic acids |
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How do the microbial control agents alter the plasma membrane?
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-damage wall
-osmotic pressure -damage membrane by uncontrolled traffic in and out of cell |
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How do the microbial control agents damage proteins and nucleic acids?
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-most enzymes are proteins
-proteins are part of membranes -when we damage proteins, we alter their shape which makes them unable to function |
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What is DNA?
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our genetic blueprint
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What is RNA used for?
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transcription and translation
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Factors to consider when killing microbes.
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-the more the microbes, the more time to kill
-duration of exposure -temperature -what environment the microbes are in; organic compound makes it harder for chemicals to get to microbes -endospores |
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What are the six physical methods of microbial control?
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1)Heat
2)Cold 3)Drying 4)Filtration 5)Osmotic pressure 6)Radiation |
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What does heat do to microbes?
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Action= damages our proteins and nucleic acids
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What are come characteristics of heat on a microbe?
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-widely applicable/ used for many things
-fairly reliable -fast -inexpensive -can be a sterilant (depends on time and temperature) |
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Can heat used as a sterilant?
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yes- but depends on the time and temperature
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What are the requirements for dry heat?
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oven or bacticinerator
-oven 170 degrees C for 2 hours |
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Does dry heat penetrate?
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no
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What are is used for moist heat?
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boiling
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Is moist heat dependable for killing microbes?
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No
-endospores can survive for 2-20 hours in boiling |
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What is used for moist heat and pressure when killing microbes?
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autoclave
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Is moist heat and pressure considered a sterilant?
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yes
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What are the requirements for moist heat and pressure?
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121 degrees C with 151 lbs. of pressure- hold there for 10 minutes
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What is moist heat and pressure used for?
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used for media, glassware, instruments; can use for plastic
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Is "pasteurization" a sterilant?
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no
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What are some characteristics of pasteurization?
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-heat long enough to kill pathogens and decrease spoilage in organisms and increase shelf life
-does not alter taste that much |
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What is the holding method?
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type of pasteurization
-62.9 degrees C for 30 minutes |
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What is the flash method?
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type of pasteurization
-71.6 degrees C for 15 seconds |
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What is the ultra high temperature method?
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type of pasteurization
-140 degrees C for 3 seconds |
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What does cold do to microbes?
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Action=going to decrease metabolism, growth, and reproduction
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What could you use to control growth of microbes in cold?
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refrigerator- halts growth of most human pathogens (mesophiles)
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What type of bacteria of prefer cold?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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What does drying do to microbes?
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Action= decreases metabolism (requires water)
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What is lyophilization?
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the process which extracts water from food and other products so that they remain stable and are easier to store at room temperature
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What is a way to dry out microbes?
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lyophilization
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What does filtration do to microbes?
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Action= pores in filter will trap microbes
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What are examples of filtration?
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-surgical mask
-HEPA filter in hospital |
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What do you use filtration for?
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use in blood products and pharmecuticals
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What does osmotic pressure do to microbes?
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Action= shrivel or burst microbe
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What are examples of using osmotic pressure to control microbial growth?
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pickling, canning, jelly, olives, honey
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What does radiation do to microbes?
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Action= damages nucleic acids (DNA)
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What are the types of "ionizing radiation"?
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gamma rays, x-rays
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What are the types of "non-ionizing radiation"?
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UV light
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What is radiation used for in controlling microbial growth?
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used for sterilizing medical equipment; suture material; antibiotics; food; used in operating rooms; morgues
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What are the 9 chemical methods of microbial control?
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1)Phenol/Phenolics/Bisphenols
2)Bioguanides 3)Halogens 4)Alcohol 5)Heavy Metals 6)Surface Active Agents 7)Aldehydes 8)Gaseous Sterilizers 9)Peroxygens |
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Things to think about when dealing with chemical methods of microbial control.
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-label usually says what microbes the chemical is effective against
-if you dilute; dilute exactly as told on label -follow directions for duration of exposure -remember that organics decrease accessibility (feces, etc) |
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What does Phenol/Phenolics/Bisphenols do against microbes?
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Action= damage membranes and damage proteins
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What are Phenol/Phenolics/Bisphenols effective against?
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-Gram (+) bacteria
-some fungi |
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Are Phenol/Phenolics/Bisphenols a sterilant?
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no
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Are Phenol/Phenolics/Bisphenols active in the presence of organics? (feces, pus, saliva)
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yes
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Who was the 1st person to use phenol?
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Dr. Lister
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What are phenolics? What is its purpose?
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derivatives of phenol- altered phenol to decrease the irritating properties
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What is an example of a phenolic?
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cressols
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What are cressols?
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a phenolic derived from coal tar (main ingredient in lysol)
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What are examples of cressols? What are they used for?
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pine and clove oil; used as antiseptics
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What are bisphenols?
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2 phenolic groups
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What is hexachlororphene used for?
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staphylococcus or streptococcus (skin infection on infant)
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What do Bioguandies do against microbes?
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Action= disrupts membranes
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What is another name for Bioguandies?
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chlorhexidine
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What are Bioguandies effective against?
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-Gram (+) bacteria
-Gram (-) bacteria |
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Are Bioguandies a sterilant?
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no
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What are examples of Bioguandies?
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pre-operation skin, surgical pre-operation hand washing
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What do Halogens do against microbes?
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Action= denatures proteins
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What are Halogens effective against?
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-most Gram (+) bacteria
-most Gram (-) bacteria -many viruses -many protisitas -many fungi |
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Are Halogens sterilants?
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no; doesn't kill endospores
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What are the types of Halogens?
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-iodine
-chlorine |
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What some examples of the Halogen, iodine?
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Betadine (surgury skin prep, burn treatment)
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What are some examples of the Halogen, chlorine?
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-calcium chloride (dairy equipment)
-sodium hyperchlorite (bleach) -chlorine dioxide gas (used in buildings) |
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What does Alcohol do against microbes?
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Action= denature proteins/ dissolves lipids (membranes)
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What is Alcohol effective against?
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-most bacteria
-most fungi -and most enveloped viruses |
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What is the best percentage of alcohol?
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70% -because we need the water to increase effectiveness
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Does the rubbing action of rubbing alcohol do anything?
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yes; removes microbes
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What do Heavy Metals do against microbes?
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Action= denature proteins
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What are Heavy Metals effective against?
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-broad variety of bacteria
-broad variety of viruses -broad variety of fungi -broad variety of protista |
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Are Heavy Metals sterilants?
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no
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What are some examples of the Heavy Metal, silver?
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-silver nitrate (in eyes to prevent gonorrhea)
-surfacine (in liquid- remains on surface for 13 days) -silver nanoparticle (infused in clothes and plastic containers) |
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What is the Heavy Metal, mercury, primarily work against?
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primarily works against bacteria
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What are some examples of the Heavy Metal, mercury?
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-mercuric chloride (syphilis/ highly toxic)
-mercurochrome (mercury based antiseptic- merthiolate) -thimersol (mercury based preservative; vaccines) |
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Why is the Heavy Metal, copper, used?
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copper sulfate (used to control algae growth in pools)
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Why is the Heavy Metal, zinc, used?
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some mouthwash, some dandruff shampoo
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What do Surface Active Agents do against microbes?
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Action= decreases surface tension (wanting to stick to the surface) so that microbes can lift and be rinsed away/ disrupts membrane
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What is another name for Surface Active Agents?
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surfactants
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What are Surface Active Agents effective against?
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-microbes
-washing away anything |
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Are Surface Active Agents a sterilant?
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no
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What are examples of Surface Active Agents?
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soaps and detergents in hospitals which are called quats (additional (+) charge in soap which increases soluability in water and increases its effectiveness)
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What do Aldehydes do against microbes?
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Action= denature proteins/ damages nucleic acids (DNA)
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What are Aldehydes effective against?
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-all microbes including endospores
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Are Aldehydes sterilants?
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yes
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What are examples of Aldehydes?
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-formaldehyde gas/ formulin liquid (for isolation rooms, embalming, surgical instruments
-glutaldehyde (chemical relative of formaldehyde- less irritating, more effective) |
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What do Gaseous Sterilizers do against microbes?
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Action= denatures protein
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What are Gaseous Sterilizers effective against?
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-all microbes including endospores
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Are Gaseous Sterilizers a sterilant?
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yes
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Does Gaseous Sterilizers penetrate?
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yes
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What are Gaseous Sterilizers used for?
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-space crafts
-artificial heart valves -catneters -optical equipment -mattresses |
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What do Peroxygens do against microbes?
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Action= oxidize cellular components
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What are Peroxygens effective against?
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anaerobes
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What are examples of Peroxygens?
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-hydrogen peroxide (good for anaerobic wounds
-Benzly peroxide (OTC acne medicine) |
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What is ozone of Peroxides?
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water treatment, more expensive chlorine
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