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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensory Memory: Perception |
Preliminary processing material is held in this temporary store ( where sensory input is held very briefly to allow time to identifu it. |
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Bottom Up Processing |
Processing of sensory input that is based entirely on the physical characteristics of the stimulus |
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Top Down Processing |
Processing of sensory input that is based on existing knowledge and expectations. |
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Perception of Gaps in Speech |
Temporal processing in the auditory system |
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Tachistoscope |
A tachistoscope is a device that displays an image for a specific amount of time. It can be used to increase recognition speed, to show something too fast to be consciously recognized, or to test which elements of an image are memorable |
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Sperling |
The idea of iconic memory came about because of George Sperling's experiments in the 1960s. He used a tachistoscope to show letters to his test subjects. There were 12 letters in all, arranged in a box shape of three rows of four. The tachistoscope was created in 1859 and was designed to improve people's reading speed or enhance memory. It displays images on a screen for less than a second. Sperling used this device to see how many letters his subjects could read during the brief flash of the projector. He found that on average, the test subjects could read three to four letters during his experiment. |
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Iconic Memory |
Temporary visual store |
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Echoic Memory |
Temporary auditory store |
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Short Term Memory
HM (no LTM) vs KF (no STM) |
HM: Removal of temporal lobes and hippocampus; short term memory was intact, but he appeared to have lose the ability to convert temporary memories into permanent ones KF: Left hemisphere was damaged, short term memory was affected but LTM was not. This supports Atkinson and Shiffrin's assumption of two stores. |
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STS (Short Term Storage) as activated by LTS (Long Term Storage) |
STS is the activation on a subset of items from LTS, not a particular place in the brain STS depends on activation, not long-term connections.
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Baddeley's Model |
Processing rather than storage Working memory consists of three distinct subsystems: Phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, central executive |
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Phonological Loop |
Holds speech-based information such as the sounds of pronounced words. Any words that you hear are immediately placed on the loop, which holds about 2 seconds' worth of speech. Material normally fades rapidly but it can be refreshed in you repeat it to yourself silently, a process called subvocal rehearsal. |
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Visuo-spatial sketchpad |
This system holds visual material not only while it is being processed initially but also when it is later retrieved from long term memory. Interdependent from the PL so its possible to look and hear something at the same time |
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Central Exexutive |
The component of working memory that controls the allocation of processing capacity to different tasks; it also integrates information held in its slave systems and in long-term memory. Plays central role in further processing of this information in tasks such as reasoning and understanding language. |
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STM to LTM |
Levels of processing vs amount of rehearsal: Rehearsal material in the short-term store in an active state. The longer the material is rehearsed in this way, the greater the likelihood that a permanent memory will be formed. Elaboration: The extent to which we consider not only the meaning of a word on its own but its relationship to other words.
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Consolidation Theory |
Assumes that the formation of a permanent memory trace on the strengthening of synaptic connection between neurons, and that this process requires time. The more a memory is consolidated, the more resistant it will be to disruption by events such as brain damage. |
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Long-term reconsolidation and short term consolidation (continues for years) |
LT: continues for years; ST: order of minutes |
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Retrieval Practice |
The process of finding a code when it is needed for further processing |
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Attention |
Allocating processing resources across competing simuli
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Theories of attention: Filtering |
Incoming information organized into channels
Only filer on physical characteristics of stimuli, completely ignore irrelevant channels |
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Theories of attention: Pool of resources |
Flexible allocation of a fixed pool of resources across multiple streams, based on how difficult the tasks are
• Extension: multiple resource pools |
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Theories of attention: Spotlight |
Can preallocate attention to particular locations • Can spread or narrow attention based on expectations •
But may focus on objects rather than locations |
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Attention : Practice Effects |
Automatization: Process by which a controlled process is converted into an automatic process through practice Chunking: Combining separate units into a single representation Mnemonics: Making unrelated facts easier to remember Stroop Effect: Color elicits one response and written word automatically elicits another. Competition between them slows responding Change Blindness: A failure to detect a seemingly obvious change in a visual scene. |
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Chap 9 Questions: Why do we need separate short term and long term stores to explain memory performance? |
Short term memory is also where we hold information retrieved from long-term memory. |
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How are attention and working memory related? |
The idea of working memory is related to the idea of attention, particularly executive control of attention. Working memory capacity increases across childhood and adolescence. Strong working memory results in functional attention networks and good executive function |
