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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does food processing include?
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all the operations by which raw foodstuffs are made
-Processing for preservation -Processing for manufacture of desirable foods |
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What are some major causes of spoilage?
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Microbial growth
Enzymatic changes Chemical changes |
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What are unit operations?
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broad categories of food processing operations
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What are some examples of Unit Operations?
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Material Handling, Washing, Cleaning, Pumping, Mixing, Drying, Evaporation, Heat Exchange, Heat Exchange, etc.
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What are some Basic Processing Principles?
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Moisture removal
Heat treatment *Low temperature treatment *Acidity control *Nonthermal processing *Innovative nonthermal processing |
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What are some common methods for moisture removal?
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*Sun drying
*Drum drying *Spray drying *Freeze drying |
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Inhibition of microorganisms relies on what?
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on water activity
*at least more than water content. |
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What are some common methods of Heat Treatment?
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*Pasteurization
*Blanching *Baking *Canning *Extrusion cooking *Microwave cooking |
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What is sterilization?
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the complete destruction of microorganisms
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What is commercial sterilization?
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the pathogenic and toxin-producing organisms are destroyed
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What is Pasteurization?
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a lighter heat treatment intended to destroy organisms of public health concern and extend shelf life
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What are some common methods of Low-temperature treatment?
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*Cold storage
*Freezing |
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What do IQF foods do?
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*Reduces time products remain at dangerous temperatures
*Improves quality by assuring small ice crystals |
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What is acidity control?
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Control of pH by the addition of acidulants
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What are some common acids?
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*Acetic
*Benzoic *Lactic *Citric |
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High-acid foods have a pH of what?
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<4.6
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What are some common methods of Nonthermal Processing?
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Chemical preservatives and Packaging
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What are some examples of chemical preservatives?
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*Antimicrobials: Salt, sodium nitrite
*Antibrowning: Sulfur dioxide *Antioxidants: BHA, BHT, tocopherols |
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What are some examples of Packaging?
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*Modified atmosphere packaging
*Smart packages |
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What are some examples of Innovative Nonthermal Methods?
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*Irradiation
*High pressure *Light pulses *Electric fields |
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What is Heat Transfer?
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refers to the manner in which heat energy is transferred from a source to food particles in a container
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What does Conduction involve?
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heat transfer through a material due to molecular movement
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What does Convection involve?
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heat transfer through movement of heated fluid from hot regions to cold
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Thermal processing is intended to what?
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destroy pathogenic and spoilage organisms
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What is essential for Preventing Food Spoilage?
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Controlling biological, physical and chemical changes
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What is required To cause thermal death of organisms?
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specific time and temperature combinations
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D values refers to what?
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decimal reduction time or the time it takes to reduce bacterial numbers by 90% at a specific temperature
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What is 12D concept?
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the generous margin of safety to reduce 1012 organisms to one (or one can in one trillion would be positive)
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Thermal Death Time (TDT) refers to what?
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the percentage of organisms killed per minute at a particular temperature
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How can food safety be accomplished?
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by single preservation method or by applying hurdle technology
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What is Hurdle Technology?
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a combination of preservation methods to provide effective control
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What are some examples of dairy products?
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Milk, cheese, ice cream and yogurt
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What are the milk processing steps?
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*Clarification
*Fat adjustment *Vitamin fortification *Pasteurization *Homogenization *Cooling and filling |
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What is pasteurization?
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A mild thermal treatment used to destroy organisms known to occur in milk and that could affect public health
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What is casein? (milk)
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the major milk protein (80% of the protein) and precipitates at a pH of 4.6
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WHat is a whey protein?
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are also in milk and can be heat coagulated but are not precipitated by acid
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What occurs during cheese processing?
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milk is coagulated into a curd through use of enzymes or acid
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What is meat?
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it's edible animal flesh and includes red meat, poultry and seafood
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What are some examples of processed meat products?
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bacon, frankfurters, ham, and lunch meat.
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What is meat quality?
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it's the tenderness, juiciness and flavor which are influenced by several factors
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What are the factors that influence meat quality?
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Connective tissue
Adipose tissue Postmortem conditions |
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What are the common steps involved in ice cream processing?
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-Blending of ingredients
-Pasteurization -Homogenization -Aging of the mix -Freezing -Packaging -Hardening |
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Fat content of premium products in ice cream are what percent?
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12%
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What is rigor mortis?
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the stiffening of muscle as a result of the final contraction as an animal dies
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What is cold shortening?
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a toughening that results from rapid chilling of lean carcasses before rigor mortis occurs
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What is thaw rigor?
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a similar defect if meat is frozen before rigor mortis occurs
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What is over-run?
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air is injected during freezing to make the ice cream texture lighter.
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What are added to stabilize the fat in the ice cream mix?
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emulsifyers
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What does PSE meat stand for?
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pale, soft, and exudative meat
it's a type of postmortem condition |
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What does DFD meat stand for?
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Dark, firm, and dry meat
it's a type of postmortem condition |
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What does PSE meat result from?
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rapid pH decline while carcass temperature is still high
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What does DFD meat result from?
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glycogen depletion prior to slaughter
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What is reduced by PSE meat?
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water holding capacity of muscle proteins
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What occurs in DFD meat?
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Elevated pH and water holding capacity of muscle occurs as lactic acid production is reduced
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Are pigs prone to stess?
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yes, because they are going to be slaughtered by andrew clarke
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What are the common red meat processing steps?
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-Grinding
-Mixing -Chopping/emulsifying -Stuffing -Smoking/cooking -Chilling -Packaging |
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what are some preservation methods for meat?
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-canning (spam)
-chemical additives |
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How do you go about canning low acid products (meats)?
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cooking hermetically sealed containers in a retort
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What are some examples of chemical additives used for meat products?
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-Nitrate/nitrite
-Phosphates -Salt/sugar/spices -Erythorbate |
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What is meat curing?
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The combination of salt, sugar and nitrite added to meat
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What does meat curing affect?
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it affects color, flavor, preservation and safety
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What are some examples of meat curing?
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-Dry curing
-Pickle curing -Injection curing |
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Why are cold storage and freezing effective preservation methods?
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they increase the shelf life of meats
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Why is drying used as a meat preservation method?
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used to remove moisture and lower water activity to prevent microbial growth
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What does fermentation require?
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the addition of desirable bacteria to convert glucose into lactic acid and lower pH below 5.3
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What does smoking do?
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imparts a desirable color and flavor but also preserves due to chemicals in the smoke
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What is irridation?
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a pasteurization method for single ingredient meat products
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What are Sources used for irradiation?
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-Electron beam
-Gamma radiation |
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Why is irridation effective?
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for reducing bacterial contamination and eliminating trichina spiralis
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What is comminution?
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size reduction of meat particles accomplished by grinding, chopping or emulsifying
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What is stuffing?
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the filling of casings to provide shape and containment of meats
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What is restructuring?
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the forming of steaks or roasts from flaked, ground or sectioned meats
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Fish have less connective tissue and more polyunsaturated fatty acids than mammals and birds. T/F
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True
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What are the comon steps for poultry processing?
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-Slaughter
-Scalding -Defeathering -Feet removal --Evisceration -Chilling -Packaging or further processing |
