Chapter 8

Front 1

Define a joint dislocation (luxation).

Back 1

In a joint dislocation (luxation), the articulating surfaces of a joint are forced out of position.

Front 2

Describe the components of a synovial joint, and identify the functions of each.

Back 2

Components of a synovial joint are a fibrous articular capsule, which surrounds the joint; articular cartilages, which resemble hyaline cartilages and cover the articulating bone surfaces; and synovial fluid, which is located within the joint cavity and provides lubrication, distributes nutrients, and absorbs shocks. Accessory structures include bursae, which are pockets filled with synovial fluid, that reduce friction and absorb shocks; fat pads, which protect the articular cartilages; menisci, which are fibrous cartilage articular discs that allow for variation in the shapes of the articulating surfaces; ligaments, which are cords of fibrous tissue that support, strengthen, and reinforce the joint; and tendons, which pass across or around a joint, limit the range of motion, and provide mechanical support.

Front 3

Why would improper circulation of synovial fluid lead to the degeneration of articular cartilages in the affected joint?

Back 3

Articular cartilages lack a blood supply and thus rely on synovial fluid to supply nutrients and remove wastes. If the circulation of synovial fluid were impaired, the cartilages would no longer receive nutrients, and wastes would accumulate. The resulting conditions would cause the cartilages to degenerate, and cells in the tissue may possibly die.

Front 4

Identify the types of synovial joints based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces.

Back 4

Based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces, synovial joints are classified as gliding, hinge, pivot, elipsoid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

Front 5

What type of synovial joints permit the widest range of motion?

Back 5

A ball-and-socket joint permits the widest range of motion.

Front 6

Indicate the type of synovial joint for each of the following: shoulder, elbow, ankle, and thumb.

Back 6

shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: hinge; ankle: gliding; tumb: saddle

Front 7

when doing jumping jacks, which lower limb movements are necessary?

Back 7

When doing jumping jacks, the lower limbs must perform abduction (when the limbs are spread apart) and adduction (when the limbs are brought back together again).

Front 8

Which movements are associated with hinge joints?

Back 8

Flexion and extension are the movements associated with hinge joints.

Front 9

Compare dorsiflexion to plantar flexion.

Back 9

Dorsiflexion is upward movement of the foot through flexion at the ankle, whereas flantar flexion is ankle extension, as when pointing the toes.

Front 10

Snapping your fingers involves what movement with the thumb and third metacarpophalangeal joint?

Back 10

Snapping your fingers involves opposition of the thumb and flexion at the third metacarpophalangeal joint.

Front 11

What movements are made possible by the rotation of the radius head?

Back 11

Pronation and supination of the hand are made possible by the rotation of the radius head.

Front 12

What hand movements occur when wriggling into tight-fitting gloves?

Back 12

Protraction, supination, and pronation occur while wriggling into tight-fitting gloves.

Front 13

Identify the primary vertebral ligaments.

Back 13

The primary vertebral ligaments are the ligamentum flavum, posterior longitudinal ligament, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, and anterior longitudinal ligament.

Front 14

Describe the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc.

Back 14

The nucleus pulposus is the gelatinous central region of an intervertebral disc. The anulus fibrosus is the tough layer of fibrous cartilage encircling the nucleus pulposus.

Front 15

Compare a slipped disc with a herniated disc.

Back 15

A slipped disc is a vertebral disc that is discplaced or partly protruding as a result of a compressed nucleus pulposus distorting the anulus fibrosus. In a herniated disc, the nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus, causing it to protrude into the vertebral canal.

Front 16

Which tissues or structures provide most of the stability for the shoulder joint?

Back 16

Ligaments and muscle provide most of the stability for the shoulder joint.

Front 17

At what site are the iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and ischiofemoral ligament located?

Back 17

The iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments are at the hip joint.

Front 18

A football player received a hard tackle to the upper surface of his shoulder, causing a shoulder seperation. What bones and ligaments would be affeted?

Back 18

A shoulder separation is an injury involving partial or compete dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint, thus the bones involved include the clavicle, scapula, and humerus; and the stabilzing ligaments involved are the coracoclavicular, acromioclavicular, coracoacromial, coracohumeral, and glenohumeral.

Front 19

Between the elbow and knee joints, which have menisci?

Back 19

Menisci are found in the knee joint.

Front 20

what signs and symptoms would you expect in an individual who has damaged the menisci of the knee joint?

Back 20

Damage to the menisci of the knee joint decreases the joint's lateral stability, so the individual would have a difficult time locking the knee in place while standing and would have to use muscle contractions to stabilize the joint. If the person had to stand for a long time, the muscles would fatigue and the knee would "give out." It is also likely that the individual would feel pain.

Front 21

Compare rheumatism to osteoarthritis.

Back 21

Rheumatism is a general term describing any painful condition fo joint, muscles, or both that is not caused by infection or injury. Osteoarthritis is a form of rheumatism characterized by degeneration of the joint cartilage and the underlying bone. Osteoarthritis results from cumulative wear and tear genetic factors affecting collagen formation.

Front 22

Explain the use of an arthroscope.

Back 22

An arthroscope is an instrument that uses thin, flexible optical fibers to view the interior structures of a joint. This instrument can also be modified to perform surgical procedures without the trauma of major surgery.

Front 23

What can a person do to slow the progression of arthritis?

Back 23

A person can slow the progression of arthritis by engaging in regular exercise, doing physical therapy, and taking anti-inflammatory drugs.