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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What connects the kidneys to the bladder? |
Ureters |
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Where is the urethra located? |
Under the bladder |
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Controls the flow of urine out the body? |
Internal and external sphincter |
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What is the average fluid output per day? |
1000 to 1500 mL/day |
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The bladder stores urine and sends a signal to the __________when it becomes full to signal the need for emptying? |
Spinal cord |
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What volume of urine is contained in the bladder before it signals for emptying? |
250 to 400 mL |
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Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body? |
Urethra |
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Entrance point for the catheter? |
Urinary meatus |
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Another name for urination? |
Micturation Voiding |
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How much urine is manufactured by the kidneys in 24 hours? |
1000 to 1500 mL |
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What are the functions of the kidneys? |
Filters blood Filters urine Rids the body of metabolic waste Regulate electrolytes by excreting excessive amounts Assist in acid-base balance |
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Total loss of kidneys ability to manufacture urine is known as? |
Anuria |
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What illnesses can block the ureter and prevent urine from excreting or difficulty to void? |
Kidney stone Tumor Enlarged prostate |
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Inability to prevent passing urine? |
Urinary incontinence |
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What changes occur in the urinary system due to aging? |
1. Decrease in functioning nephrons 2. Reduction in urine filtration 3. Muscle tone in the bladder decreases the urinary sphincter causing incontinence 4. Decrease muscle tone can cause residual urine 5. Decrease in estrogen in women can cause tissue atrophy, in the urethra, vagina and bladder that opens up the possibility for infections |
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Urinating in the night is known as? |
Nocturia |
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Urine left in the bladder after urination is known as? |
Residual urine |
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What are the factors affecting normal urination? |
1.Neurologic and muscle development 2. Alterations in spinal cord integrity 3. The volume of fluid intake 4. Fluid lost by perspiration 5. Vomiting 6. Diarrhea 7. Amount of ADH hormone secreted by the pituitary gland 8. Anxiety |
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What are the characteristics of normal urine? |
Clarity Color Odor Special gravity pH |
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What is the normal color of urine? |
Yellow Straw colored Amber |
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Why would your urine darken? |
When its concentrated |
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Why would your urine darken? |
When its concentrated |
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Dark amber urine maybe a sign of ________ in the urine? |
Bilirubin |
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What would cause urine to become cloudy? |
Bacteria; or Large amounts of protein |
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The normal odor of urine should smell? |
Faint like ammonia |
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What is specific gravity? |
The thickness or thinness of the urine |
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What is used to measure the thickness or thinness of the urine? |
Urinometer |
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The normal range on the urinometer is? |
1.010 to 1.030 |
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The acidity or alkalinity of urine is measured in units called? |
pH |
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True or false: The normal pH of urine is slightly alkaline? |
False - it is slightly acidic |
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What is the pH of normal urine? |
5.5 to 7.0 |
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How to prevent cystitis or other UTIs |
1. Increase fluid intake 2500 to 3000 mL/day 2. Avoid citrus fruits 3. Wipe rectal area from front to back 4. Avoid wearing tight clothing; females should wear cotton underwear 5. Not sitting around in a wet bathing suit for hours 6. Avoid bubble baths or feminine sprays 7. Empty the bladder promptly after intercourse and drink two glasses of water to flush out microorganisms 8. Bathing or showering daily 9. Empty the bladder every 2-3 hours to prevent stasis and potential bacteria to multiply |
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Why should a female avoid citrus fruits to prevent UTIs? |
They cause the urine to be alkaline and bacteria grows in alkaline urine |
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Condition caused by the kidney not forming urine? |
Urinary suppression |
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Anuria is present when less than ____mL of urine is excreted in ____ hours? |
100 mL 24 hours |
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The inability of urine to be expelled from the body is known as? |
Urinary retention |
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What is dysuria? |
Painful or difficult urination |
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What cause dysuria? |
Inflammation in the bladder or ureters from infection or bacteria |
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What is nocturia? |
When a person has to wake up more than once or twice durinf the night to urinate |
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What is oliguria? |
Decrease in the amount of urine output |
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Oliguria occurs when urine output falls below? |
400 mL/24 h |
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Urine below 400 mL/24h aka oliguria is a sign of the following conditions: |
Kidney failure Blockage or urine outflow Urinary retention |
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Excessive urination is known as? |
Polyuria |
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What is the clinical sign of polyuria? |
Urine output is more than 1500 mL/24 hours |
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Urine in excess of 1500 mL/h aka polyuria is caused by these conditions? |
Diabetes melitus Diabetes insipidus |
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What is diabetes insipidus? |
The production of excessive urine caused by the decreased production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Inflammation of the bladder is known as? |
Cystitis |
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What bacteria is the main cause doe cystitis in women? |
Escherichia coli bacteria |
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What happens if aseptic technique is broken whilst inserting a catheter? |
It may cause cystitis |
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What are the symptoms of cystitis? |
Dysuria (painful urination) Foul-smelling urine Temperature elevation Subprapubic pain or tenderness |
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Episodes of recurrent cystitis predispose the patient to this condition? |
Kidney infection and kidney damage |
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True or false: cranberry juice or tablets can prevent a urinary tract infection? |
True |
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If postmenopausal women experience recurrent UTIs the doctor should offer them? |
Virginal estrogen |
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If voided amounts is small and intake is normal the nurse should check the patient by doing this? |
Palpate the bladder to see if it is distended |
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The bladder is located above? |
The symphisis pubis |
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Urine specimen must be sent to the lab within _____ to _____ minutes |
5 to 10 minutes |
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What happens if a urine specimen stand for 15 minutes or more? |
It changes characteristics and the urinalysis will not be accurate |
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List the abnormalities normally found in a urinalysis? |
Glycosuria Proteinuria Hematuria Pyuria Ketonuria Casts Red blood cells White blood cells Bilirubin |
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The urine dipstick test is used to check for these components? |
Glucose Ketone Protein Blood Specific gravity pH Nitrate Bilirubin Leukocytes |
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What are casts in the urine? |
Increased numbers in the presence of bacteria or protein and indicates urinary calculi |
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Another name for kidney stones? |
Urinary calculi |
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If the urine test shows white blood cells in the urine it is an indication that? |
There is an infectious or inflammatory process somewhere in the urine |
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Bilirubin in the urine suggests this condition? |
Liver disease or destruction of the bile duct |
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Red blood cells in the urine is an indication that? |
Kidney stone Tumor Glomerular disorder Cystitis |
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The midstream urine specimen is also known as? |
Clean catch urine specimen |
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Why is a midstream/clean catch urine specimen collected? |
Culture and sensitivity test |
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What is a culture and sensitivity test? |
Test done to check the urine for bacteria and other microorganisms that may cause an infection |
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What are some of the steps taken by the female in a midstream urine specimen? |
1. The female should use the index and thumb to spread the labia 2. Clean the right side area of the vagina with a swab and discard 3. Clean the left side of the vagina with a swab and discard 4. Clean the center from front to back and discard the swab 5. The labia should be spread apart at all times whilst doing the specimen 6. Void a small amount of urine in the toilet 7. Catch 1oz of the middle portion of the urine |
