Chapter 11: The Ears And Eyes

Front 1

opt/i, opt/o, optic/o, ophthalm/o

Back 1

eyes

Front 2

primary function: receptor organs for the sense of sight

Back 2

eye

Front 3

ir/i, ir/o, irid/o, irit/o

Back 3

iris

Front 4

primary function: controls the amount of light entering the eye

Back 4

iris

Front 5

phac/o, phak/o

Back 5

lens

Front 6

primary function: focuses rays of light on the retina

Back 6

lens

Front 7

retin/o

Back 7

retina

Front 8

primary function: converts light images into electrical impulses and transmits them to the brain.

Back 8

retina

Front 9

dacryocyst/o, lacrim/o

Back 9

lacrimal apparatus

Front 10

primary function: accessory structures of the eyes that produce, store, and remove tears.

Back 10

lacrimal apparatus

Front 11

acous/o, acoust/o, audi/o, audit/o, ot/o

Back 11

ears

Front 12

primary function: receptor organs for the sense of hearing; also helps maintain balance

Back 12

ears

Front 13

pinn/i

Back 13

outer ear

Front 14

primary function: transmit sound waves to the middle ear

Back 14

outer ear

Front 15

myring/o, tympan/o

Back 15

middle ear

Front 16

primary function: transmits sound waves to the inner ear

Back 16

middle ear

Front 17

labyrinth/o

Back 17

inner ear

Front 18

primary function: receives sound vibrations and transmits them to the brain

Back 18

inner ear

Front 19

the accessory or adjoining anatomical parts of an organ

Back 19

adnexa

Front 20

the bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

Back 20

orbit aka eye socket

Front 21

muscles of the eye-6 major ones, arranged in 3 pairs, are attached to the eye

Back 21

superior and inferior oblique muscles

superior and inferior rectus muscles

lateral and medial rectus muscles.

Front 22

together with eyebrows and eyelashes help protect the eyeball from foreign matter, excessive light, and injuries due to other causes

Back 22

the upper and lower eyelids

Front 23

the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

Back 23

canthus [canth=corner of eye, -us]

Front 24

corner of eye by nose

Back 24

inner canthus

Front 25

outside corner of eye

Back 25

outer canthus

Front 26

the transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball

Back 26

conjunctiva

Front 27

structures that produce, store, and remove tears

Back 27

lacrimal apparatus aka tear apparatus

Front 28

a 1-inch sphere with only about 1/6th if its surface visible

Back 28

eyeball aka the globe

Front 29

pertaining to the eye or sight

Back 29

optic [opt=sight, -ic=pertaining to]

Front 30

pertaining to the eye

Back 30

ocular [ocul=eye, -ar=pertaining to]

Front 31

outside the eyeball

Back 31

extraocular [extra-=on the outside, ocul=eye, -ar]

Front 32

within the eyeball

Back 32

intraocular [intra-= within, ocul=eye, -ar]

Front 33

walls of the eyeballs are made up of three layers

Back 33

sclera

choroid

retina

Front 34

maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue. This tough fibrous tissue forms the outer layer of eye, except for part covered by the cornea. (white of the eye)

Back 34

sclera [scler/o]

Front 35

opaque middle layer of eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides blood supply for entire eye. (opaque means that light cannot pass through this substance)

Back 35

choroid (choroid coat)

Front 36

sensitive innermost layer that lines posterior segment of eye. This area receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain via the optic nerve

Back 36

retina

Front 37

a small region in the eye where nerve ending of retina enter optic nerve. blind spot because doesn't contain any rods or cones to convert images into nerve impulses.

Back 37

optic disk aka the blind spot

Front 38

these of the retina receive images that have passed through the lens of the eye. images converted into nerve impulses and transmitted to brain via optic nerve. __ are black and white receptors, __ are color receptors

Back 38

rods and cones

Front 39

The clearly defined light - sensitive area in center of retina that's responsible for sharp central vision.

Back 39

macula

Front 40

pit in the middle of macula. Color vision best in this area because contains high concentration of cones and no rods

Back 40

fovea centralis

Front 41

transmits these nerve impulses from retina to brain

Back 41

optic nerve

Front 42

colorful circular structure that surrounds the pupil. muscles within this control amount of light allowed to enter eye through pupil.

Back 42

iris

Front 43

transparent outer surface of the eye covering iris and pupil. primary structure focusing light rays entering eye.

Back 43

cornea [kerat/o]

Front 44

black circular opening in center of iris that permits light to enter eye

Back 44

pupil

Front 45

clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina. this contained within clear capsule located behind iris and pupil.

Back 45

lens

Front 46

makes up front 1/3 of the eyeball

Back 46

anterior segment

Front 47

located behind cornea and in front of iris

Back 47

anterior chamber

Front 48

located behind iris and in front of ligaments holding lens in place

Back 48

posterior chamber

Front 49

anterior and posterior chambers filled with what?

Back 49

aqueous fluid aka aqueous humor

Front 50

primary function: helps eye maintain shape and nourishes intraocular structures

Back 50

aqueous fluid

Front 51

makes up remaining 2/3rds of eyeball

Back 51

posterior segment

Front 52

posterior segment filled with what?

Back 52

vitreous gel aka vitreous humor

Front 53

primary function: helps eye maintain shape

Back 53

vitreous gel

Front 54

located within choroid, is a set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust thickness of lens to refine focus of light rays on retina. this produces aqueous humor. to focus on nearby objects, muscles adjust lens to make it thicker, to focus on distant objects, muscles stretch lens so thinner.

Back 54

ciliary body

Front 55

ability of lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina

Back 55

refraction

Front 56

a nodule or cyst , usually on upper eyelid , caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland. this is a type of granuloma.

Back 56

chalazion

Front 57

an inflammation of the conjunctiva that's usually caused by an infection or an allergy.

Back 57

conjunctivitis ( conjunctiv=conjunctiva, -itis)

Front 58

most common form of uveitis. this inflammation of the uvea affects primary structures in the front of the eye. sudden onset, last 6-8 weeks

Back 58

iritis (ir=iris, -itis)

Front 59

inflammation of cornea

Back 59

keratitis (karat=cornea, -itis)

Front 60

inflammation of the sclera

Back 60

scleritis (scler= white of eye, -itis)

Front 61

injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to outer layers of the cornea

Back 61

corneal abrasion

Front 62

a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury. heals with treatment, can leave cloudy scar that impairs vision.

Back 62

corneal ulcer

Front 63

loss of transparency of lens that causes progressive loss of visual clarity . associated with aging, but can be congenital or due to injury or disease

Back 63

cataract

Front 64

a group of disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the retinal nerve fibers and optic nerve. increase in pressure caused by blockage in flow of fluid out of eye

Back 64

glaucoma

Front 65

Opening between cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork. Narrowing can cause sudden increase in intraocular pressure that produces severe pain, nausea, redness of eye, and blurred vision.

Back 65

Closed - angle glaucoma - acute glaucoma

Front 66

Most common form. Trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, causing a buildup of pressure. Symptoms not noticed until optic nerve been damaged

Back 66

Open - angle glaucoma - chronic glaucoma

Front 67

Gradually progressive condition in which the macula is damaged, resulting in loss of central vision, but not total blindness

Back 67

Macular degeneration

Front 68

Occurs most frequently in older people and is leading cause of legal blindness in older people, 60 years or more

Back 68

Age - related macular degeneration

Front 69

accounts for 90 percent of cases, caused by slow deterioration of cells of macula

Back 69

Dry type macular degeneration

Front 70

damage to macula that develops as a complication as disease progresses. Damage caused by formation of new blood vessels that produce small hemorrhages that usually results in rapid and severe vision loss

Back 70

Wet type macular degeneration

Front 71

Condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging. With age, near vision declines noticeably as lens becomes less flexible and muscles of ciliary body weeken. Result is that eyes no longer able to focus image properly on retina.

Back 71

presbyopia (presby= old age, -opia= vision condition)

Front 72

strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes.

Back 72

esotropia (eso-= inward, trop= turn, -ia= abnormal condition) (crosseyes)

Front 73

strabismus characterized by outward deviation of one eye relative to the other.

Back 73

exotropia (exo-= outward, trop=turn, -Ia) (walleye)

Front 74

defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina.

Back 74

myopia (my= Greek word for short sighted, -opia) (nearsightedness)

Front 75

defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina

Back 75

hyperopia (hyper-= excessive, -opia= vision condition) (farsightedness)

Front 76

a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye.

Back 76

amblyopia ( ambly= dim or dull, -opia)

Front 77

disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or not aligned correctly because eye muscles unable to focus together

Back 77

strabismus

Front 78

Used to measure visual acuity. Results for each eye recorded as fraction 20/20=normal. First number indicates standard distance from chart, which is 20 feet. Second number indicates deviation from normal based on ability to read progressively smaller letters on chart

Back 78

Snellen chart (SC)

Front 79

Surgical replacement of scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor

Back 79

Corneal transplant aka keratoplasty

Front 80

Surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris

Back 80

iridectomy (irid=iris, -ectomy=surgical removal)

Front 81

Surgical removal of a cataract - clouded lens

Back 81

Lensectomy (lens=lens)

Front 82

use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove lens clouded by a cataract. Performed through very small opening is used to slide the intraocular lens into place

Back 82

Phacoemulsification

Front 83

The use of a laser to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels. Technique also used to repair small retinal tears by intentionally forming scar tissue to seal the holes.

Back 83

Photocoagulation

Front 84

primary function: to receive sound impulses and transmit them back to the brain, maintaining balance

Back 84

Ear

Front 85

Pertaining to sense of hearing

Back 85

Auditory (audit=hearing, -ory=pertaining to)

Front 86

Pertaining to sound or hearing

Back 86

Acoustic (acous=hearing or sound, -tic= pertaining to)

Front 87

Structures of the ears, divided into three regions

Back 87

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Front 88

External portion of the ear. This captures sound waves and transmits them into external auditory canal

Back 88

pinna or auricle

Front 89

Transmits the sound waves to the tympanic membrane, eardrum, of the middle ear

Back 89

External auditory canal

Front 90

Secreted by glands that line the auditory canal. The sticky yellow - brown substance has protective functions because traps small insects, dust, debris, and some bacteria to prevent from entering the middle ear

Back 90

cerumen

Front 91

Transmit sound across space between inner and outer ear

Back 91

Middle ear

Front 92

Located between outer and middle ear. When sound waves reach this, this membrane transmits the sound by vibrating

Back 92

Tympanic membrane - ear drum

Front 93

Three small bones located within the middle ear, role of these bones is to transmit sound waves from eardrum to inner ear by vibration

Back 93

Auditory ossicles - malleus or hammer, incus or anvil, stapes or stirrup

Front 94

Narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and the throat. Purpose is to equalize air pressure within the middle ear with that of outside hemisphere

Back 94

Eustachian tubes aka auditory tubes

Front 95

contains sensory receptors for hearing and balance

Back 95

inner ear Aka labyrinth

Front 96

located under base of stapes, is the membrane that separates the middle ear from inner ear. vibrations enter inner ear through this structure

Back 96

oval window

Front 97

Snail - shaped structure of inner ear and is where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses. Located within this are ___, Organ of corti, semicircular canals, and acoustic nerves.

Back 97

cochlea, cochlear duct

Front 98

Receives vibrations from cochlear duct and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers. These fibers transmit sound impulses to auditory center of brain cerebral cortex, where heard and interpreted

Back 98

Organ of Corti

Front 99

Contains the liquid endolymph and sensitive hair - like cells. The bending of these hair - like cells in response to movements of the head sets up impulses in nerve fibers to help maintain equilibrium

Back 99

Semicircular canals

Front 100

Process by which sound waves enter ear through the pinna and then travel down the external auditory canal until they strike the tympanic membrane

Back 100

air conduction

Front 101

occurs when these sound vibrations reach the inner ear. structures of inner ear receive Soundwaves and relay them to auditory nerve for transmission to brain

Back 101

sensorineural conduction

Front 102

pain in the ear

Back 102

otalgia (earache) (ot=ear, -algia=pain)

Front 103

any inflammation of the ear, 2nd part of term indicates location of the inflammation

Back 103

otitis (ot=ear, -itis)

Front 104

Inflammation of external auditory canal

Back 104

Otitis externa

Front 105

Inflammation of internal auditory canal

Back 105

Otitis interna

Front 106

Inflammation of the middle ear

Back 106

Otitis media

Front 107

Usually associated with upper respiratory infection and most commonly seen in young children. Condition can lead to ruptured eardrum due to build-up of pus or fluid in middle ear

Back 107

Acute otitis media

Front 108

Fluid buildup in the middle ear without symptoms of an infection

Back 108

Otitis media serous

Front 109

Pus built up

Back 109

otitis media purulent

Front 110

Fungal infection of external auditory canal

Back 110

Otomycosis aka swimmers ear (or/o=ear, myc=fungus, -Isis)

Front 111

Flow of pus from the ear

Back 111

otopyorrhea (or/o=ear, py/o=pus, -rrhea= flow or discharge)

Front 112

Bleeding from the ear

Back 112

otorrhagia (ot/o= ear, -rrhagia=bleeding)

Front 113

Sense of whirling, dizziness, and loss of balance that are often combined with nausea and vomiting

Back 113

Vertigo - know how to spell

Front 114

Rare chronic disorder in which amount of fluid in inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss (usually in 1 ear), and tinnitus

Back 114

meniere's syndrome

Front 115

Ringing in the ears, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears. Often associated with hearing loss and is more likely to occur when there has been prolonged exposure to loud noises

Back 115

Tinnitus

Front 116

gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages

Back 116

presbycusis (presby= old age, -cusis=hearing)

Front 117

Develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged. Usually due to age, noise exposure, or an acoustic neuroma. Can be located in inner ear, nerve from inner ear to brain, or in brain

Back 117

sensorineural hearing loss

Front 118

Use of an audio meter to measure hearing acuity. audiometer is an electronic device that produces acoustic stimuli of a set frequency and intensity. Measured in Hertz and decibels

Back 118

audiometry

Front 119

An instrument used to examine external ear canal

Back 119

Otoscope

Front 120

Tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections

Back 120

Tympanostomy tubes

Front 121

An electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve. The external speech processor captures sounds and converts them into digital signals. Electrodes that are implanted into the cochlea receive the signals and stimulate the auditory nerve. The brain receives the signals and Perceives them as sounds; however, it may take several months to adjust to the difference in speech when it's received in this manner

Back 121

cochlear implant

Front 122

How we hear - need to know

Back 122

1. pinna picks up sound
2. Sound travels down external auditory canal
3. Sound his eardrum and causes vibrations
4. Vibrations caused three bones to be set in motion
5. Vibration goes to cochlea
6. Then to auditory nerve
7. Then goes to brain and the brain tells us what we here

Front 123

Occurs as the eardrum vibrates and causes the auditory ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate. Vibration of these bones transmit sound waves through middle ear to oval window of the inner ear

Back 123

Bone conduction