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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A few seconds before your new clock radio sounds its alarm, it makes a tiny click. You've recently noticed that you wake up right after even though you previously never woke up to anything but the alarm itself. The click is acting as a _______ _____.
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Conditioned Stimulus
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A post-reinforcement pause is usually associated with what?
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a fixed-ratio schedule
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A response increased in frequency because it allowed the rat to escape or avoid a shock. This represents what?
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Negative Reinforcement
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A shock is given shortly after a buzzer sounds, but not if the light is also flashing. A rat will act normally if the light and buzzer are presented, but it will freeze if only the buzzer is presented. This is an example of _________ _________.
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Conditioned Inhibition
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After a tone became the conditioned stimulus for a conditioned eye blink response, a red light was presented just before the tone. Soon the red light alone produced an eye blink. This is an example of what?
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Second-Order conditioning
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After months of work, Phil's conditioned fear of flying finally disappeared. However, his fear suddenly reappeared. his renewed fear probably represents ___________ _____.
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Spontaneous Recover
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At first, Tom's father cheered every time Tom swung the bat. He gradually required Tom to make good swings before cheering, and eventually only a hit got a cheer. Tom's father used ______.
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Shaping
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Burt got sick with a stomach flue shortly after eating sardines. The conditioned taste aversion he developed involved not only sardines but also most other fish. This is best explained in terms of ______________.
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Generalization
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Damon's dorm room is next door to the bathroom. At the beginning of the term, damon found his attention captured by each flush of a toilet. his behavior is an example of an ________ ______.
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Orienting Response
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Gia has learned that if the TV is tuned to a football game, asking her father to take her to the park always results in the answer "No." If the TV is off, her father almost always answers "Yes." The status of the TV is an example of a _______ ________
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Discriminative Stimulus
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In the Little Albert experiment, Little Albert cried when a loud noise was presented. Crying in this situation is an example of an ______ ______.
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Unconditioned Response
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Much of the concern about the effects that violence on TV may have on children's behavior is based on Bandura's research on _________ ________.
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Observational learning
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Niko was hit by a line drive, and afterward he would duck whenever he heard the crack of a bat hitting a baseball. After hearing that sound many times without ever getting hit again by a ball, Niko no longer ducks at the sound of a hit. This is best explained by _________.
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Extinction
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Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning because in operant conditioning what?
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an organism's behavior produces outcomes, but in classical conditioning events signal outcomes.
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Pat screamed until his mother gave him the cookie he wanted. Now Pat screams any time he wants something. His mother's behavior (giving Pat a cookie) is an example of ______ _________.
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Positive Reinforcement.
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Randy had to write an essay and discuss it with his teacher because he said an obscene word in class. His teacher was frustrated when Randy's use of obscenity became more frequent in spite of being made to write an essay and talk to the teacher each time. In this example, writing the essay and talking to the teacher must be ________ _______.
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Positive Reinforcement
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Sara's cold water in her shower almost disappears if the toilet is flushed in another bathroom. Sara has learned to quickly jump out of the water when she hears a toilet flush so she can avoid getting burned. This situation represents ________ ________.
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Negative Reinforcement
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Slot machines are set to pay off after some average number of plays (let's guess 150), but a machine might pay off after 30 plays one time and after 270 plays another time. This is an example of a ________________________.
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variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
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The key peck record from the pigeon shows long periods of few responses followed by brief periods of very rapid responses, creating a scalloped effect. This bird probably was reinforced on a ___________________.
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Fixed-interval schedule
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Which of the following is a problem with using punishment?
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Punishment doesn't teach the appropriate behavior.
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An orienting stimulus produced sensitization instead of habituation. The stimulus probably was _______.
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intense
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________ _______ is a process by which organisms learn what stimuli signal or predict.
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Classical Conditioning
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In Pavlov's experiments, the bell was the ______ _______.
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Conditioned Stimulus
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After months of work, Phil's conditioned fear of flying finally disappeared. However, his fear suddenly reappeared. his renewed fear probably represents _________ _______.
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Spontaneous recovery
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A stimulus or event that, when removed following a response decreases the likelihood the response will be made again is a ______ _______.
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negative punishment
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A response increased in frequency because it allowed the rat to escape or avoid a shock. This represents ________ ______.
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negative reinforcement
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Whenever Bhavin left his homework at school, he lost his computer privileges for two days. Bhavin forgets his homework much less often now. Losing computer privileges is an example of
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Negative punishment
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The small helmet decals given to a football player who has had an outstanding performance are examples of
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conditioned reinforcers
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Which of the following is most related to reinforcement of successive approximations of the response?
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shaping
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Marta wasn’t surprised that her first driving experience went well. “After all, I’ve been a passenger for 15 years!” she explained. Marta seems to attribute her initial driving skill to
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Observational learning of driving responses
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Kim lives near the hospital. At first, the ambulance sirens woke her several times each night, but after a few weeks, she hardly noticed them anymore. This change can be explained as
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habituation
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The term “instrumental conditioning” is interchangeable with
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operant conditioning
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Thorndike’s law of effect is most similar to what B.F. Skinner would describe as
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Reinforcement and punishment
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You called the radio station and won a CD. You can’t win again for 30 days. In your case, calling the radio station is controlled by a
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Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement
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Workers were paid $1 for every valid signature they got on a petition. This is most similar to
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a fixed-ratio schedule
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Seth watched the two shoplifters taken out of the store by the police. He put the CD he had planned to steal back on the shelf and never again tried to take anything without paying. This example illustrates
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vicarious punishment
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Much of the concern about the effects that violence on TV may have on children’s behavior is based on Bandura’s research on
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Observational learning
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What is an Orienting response?
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when you orient toward the new sound, maybe leaning forward and listening. Your behavior in the presence of the event changes with repeated experience.
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What is habituation?
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Occurs when you slow or stop responding to an event that has become familiar through repeated presentation.
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Through the process of ________ organisms learn to be selective about what they orient toward. They attend initially to the new and unusual but subsequently ignore events that occur __________ without consequence.
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habituation
repeatedly |
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What is sensitization?
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occurs when our response to an event increases rather than decreases with repeated exposure.
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Sensitization is more likely when the repeated stimulus is ______ or ______. If the stimulus is mild or modest in _______, repeated exposure usually leads to ____________.
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intense or punishing
intensity habituation |
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Habituation and sensitization also depend importantly on the _____ of _________ ---- for example, ________ typically occurs faster when the repetitions occur close together in time.
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timing of presentations
habituation |
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Pavlov developed a technique known as ________ _________. and what does it do?
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classical conditioning: a set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning involves learning relations between events - conditioned and unconditioned stimuli - that occur outside of one's control.
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What is the unconditioned stimulus?
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A stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training.
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What is the unconditioned response?
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The observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus.
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What is the conditioned response?
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The acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus.
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What is the conditioned stimulus?
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The neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning.
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A conditioned stimulus will become a signal for the unconditioned stimulus when it provides __________about the delivery of the unconditioned stimulus.
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Information
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For an effective association to form between the CS and US the conditioned stimulus usually needs to be presented _______ the unconditioned stimulus. If two are presented at the same time which is __________ ________, or if the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus which is, ________ __________, conditioning will not occur.
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before
simultaneous conditioning backward conditioning |
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For an effective association to form between the CS and US the unconditioned stimulus needs to follow the conditioned stimulus _______________.
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closely in time
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For an effective association to form between the CS and US the conditioned stimulus must provide ___ ________ about the unconditioned stimulus.
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new information
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What is blocking?
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Blocking appears to prevent, or block, the animal from learning something.
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Why do conditioned responses develop?
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One possibility is that conditioned responses prepare the organism for events that are expected to follow; conditioned responses help the organism interact with the US, which is usually some kind of biologically significant event.
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Conditioning involves the learning of relations among events that are complexly represented, a learning that can be exhibited in various ways. What is this perspective known as the _________ view of classical conditioning.
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Cognitive
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What is second-order conditioning?
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A procedure in which an established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a second neural stimulus.
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When a new stimulus produces a response similar to the one produced by the conditioned stimulus, it's called _______ __________.
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stimulus generalization
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________ __________ occurs when you respond to a new stimulus in a way that's different from your response to the original conditioned stimulus.
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Stimulus Discrimination
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What is extinction?
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Presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly, after conditioning, without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a loss in responding.
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If you wait a while after extinction and present the conditioned stimulus again, sometimes conditioned response reappears. This is known as ________ ________.
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Spontaneous Recovery
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What is conditioned Inhibition?
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Learning that an event signals that absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
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There are a variety of ways to create an __________ stimulus, but most involve what?
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inhibitory
presenting a new stimulus when the unconditioned stimulus is normally expected but is not delivered. |
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Inhibitory stimuli often act as "_______ ______," telling people when potentially dangerous events are likely to be absent or when dangerous conditions no longer apply.
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Safety Signals
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What is operant conditioning?
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A procedure in which we learn that our own actions, rather than conditioned stimuli, lead to outcomes.
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What is Thorndike's law of effect?
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If a response in a particular situation if followed by a satisfying or pleasant consequence, then the connection between the response and that situation will be strengthened; if a response in a particular situation is followed by an unsatisfying or unpleasant consequence, the connection will be weakened.
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B.F. Skinner referred to the stimulus situation as the discriminative stimulus. What is discriminative stimulus?
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Discriminative stimulus "sets the occasion" for a response to be rewarded. The discriminative stimulus shares properties with the conditioned stimulus established in classical conditioning.
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What is reinforcement?
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Response consequences that increase the likelihood of responding in a similar way again.
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What is Positive Reinforcement?
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When the presentation of an event after a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.
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What is appetitive stimulus?
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Something the organism likes, needs, or has an appetite for. An appetitive stimulus is "one which the animal does nothing to avoid, often doing such things as to attain or preserve it."
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What is Negative Reinforcement?
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When the removal of an event after a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again. Negative reinforcement occurs when a response allows you to eliminate, avoid, or escape from an unpleasant situation.
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Whenever psychologists use the term reinforcement, both positive and negative, they're referring to outcomes that increase what?
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the probability of responding
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What are conditioned reinforcers?
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Reinforcing properties are acquired through learning. These stimuli are reinforcing because they signal the presence or absence of other events.
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What is positive punishment?
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When the presentation of an event after a response decreases the likelihood of that response occurring again.
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What is negative punishment?
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When the removal of an event after responding lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again.
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___________ teaches you what you should be doing - how you should act - whereas ____________ only teaches you what you shouldn't be doing.
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Reinforcement
Punishment |
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What is a schedule of reinforcement?
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Is a rule used by the experiment to determine when particular responses will be reinforced.
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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If a response is followed rapidly by reinforcement every time it occurs, the reinforcement schedule.
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What is partial reinforcement?
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If reinforcement is delivered only some of the time after the response has occurred.
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What are the four partial reinforcement schedules?
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Fixed-Ratio
Variable-Ratio Fixed-Interval Variable Interval |
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What are fixed ration schedules? Fixed-ratio schedules typically produce steady, consistent rates of responding because why?
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The number of required responses is fixed and doesn't change from one trial to the next.
the relationship between the response and the reinforcement is clear and predictable. |
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What is a variable-ratio schedule? and why is it called that?
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Requires that you make a certain number of responses before reinforcement, the required number can change from trial to trial.
Variable-ratio schedule because the responder doesn't know how many responses are needed to obtain the reward. |
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What is a fixed-interval schedule? You're rewarded only when you respond after the interval has passed - so ________________________.
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The time period remains constant form one trial to the next.
it doesn't make sense to respond all the time. |
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What is a variable-interval schedule?
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Time interval changes from trial to trial.
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What is shaping? and who developed it?
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Reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations to the desired response.
B.F. Skinner |
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What is observational learning?
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People and animals can learn from others and this kind of learning, has considerable adaptive value.
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what is modeling?
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the natural tendency to initiate the behavior or significant others.
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What is the difference between vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment?
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vicarious reinforcement: occurs when the model is reinforced for an action
vicarious punishment: the action is weakened in which the model is punished for the action. |
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Clinical psychologists now use ___________ _______ as a technique to deal with specific fears and as a method for promoting cooperative behavior among preschoolers.
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Observational learning
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