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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what makes up the cardiovascular system? |
blood, heart and vessels |
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blood |
circulating liquid that is composed of RBC WBC and platelets |
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heart |
pump that causes the blood to curculate |
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vessels |
tubes through which the blood travels within the body |
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functions of blood |
transport regulates pH restricts blood loss by clotting defends body regulates body temp |
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the blood transports |
blood gasses, nutrients waste hormones |
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blood gasses
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o2 from lungs to tissues CO2 from tissues to lungs to be expelled |
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nutrients that blood carries |
glucose, amino acids, viatmins |
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waste products that the blood carries |
urea, and uric acid to be excreted by the kidneys |
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how does the blood regulate the pH of interstitial fluid? |
absorbs and neutralizes acids made my tissues
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diffusion of blood and interstitial fluid causes |
the stabilization of concentrated ions |
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how does the body defend against toxins and pathogens |
WBC and antibodies |
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blood regulated temp by |
carrying heat to the surface of the body to be released |
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pH of blood is |
7.4 |
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male blood volume |
5-6 leiters |
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female blood volume |
4-5 leiters |
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plasma |
liquid matrix in which elements float in |
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formed elements |
blood cells (RBC, WBC) and platelets |
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hematocrit or PCV |
percentage of whole blood due to formed elements
45% |
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plasma composition |
92% water 7% plasma proteins 1% other solutes |
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plasma proteins |
made in liver
albumin globulins fibrogen |
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albumins |
most abundant plasma protein maintains osmotic pressure transports substances in blood |
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globulins |
2nd most abundant p.p. maintains osmotic pressure transports substances antibodies involved in body defense |
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fibrinogen |
involved in blood clotting |
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other solutes in blood |
organic nutrients (glucose, amino acids) organic waste (urea) electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine) |
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plasma expanders |
used to increase blood volume
*DO NOT INCREASE OXYGEN CARRIED |
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erythrocytes |
red blood cells *(measured in millions) most abundant element
transports oxygen |
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leukocytes |
white blood cells (measured in thousands)
5 types involved in defense |
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thrombocytes |
platelets (measured in hundreds of thousands)
involved in blood clotting |
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RBC's make up ________ of formed elemetns |
99.9% |
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the biconcave shape of the rbc gives it the ability to |
be flexible large surface-to-volume ratio allowing for rapid exchange of O2 |
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which organelles is the RBC lacking |
nucleus and mitochrondria (meaning it cant make its own energy or proteins) |
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hemoglobin |
binds to o2 and transports it |
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oxyhemoglobin |
oxygenated blood that is picked up in the lungs |
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deoxyhemoglobin |
deoxygenated blood that is dark red and dropped off in the tissues |
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life span of red blood cells |
about 4 months |
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organs that remove the old RBCs by phagocytosis |
liver spleen red bone marrow |
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breakdown of hemoglobin |
heme separated from globin heme- Iron is removed and reused and the rest of the heme is converted into bilirubin and excreted in bile
globin- amino acids reused |
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Erythropoiesis (RBC production) |
birth of red blood cells
regulated by EPO from kidneys |
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all blood cells are derived from |
hemoblasts in red bone marrow |
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reticulocytes |
young RBC's that just lost their nucleus |
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hypoxia |
low O2 levels |
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hypoxia causes kidneys to |
increase production of EPO |
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EPO |
increases RBC production in red bone marrow which increases O2 levels in blood |
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EPO is abused by |
endurance athletes
it dramatically increases the RBC count and the hematocrit |
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anemia |
decreased ability to carry O2 |
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aplastic anemia |
damage of red bone marrow due to radiation or chemo or toxins |
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iron-defiency anemia |
lack of iron in diet |
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pernicious anemia |
lack of vitamin B12 |
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sickle cell anemia |
hereditary (block blood flow) and rbc's die faster than can be created
defective hemoglobin |
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Leukocytes |
(WBCs) formed in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue |
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the one formed element that can squeeze between cells |
WBC |
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formed element with the shortest life span |
WBC's with a few days |
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which formed element has a nucleus |
WBC |
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5 types of leukocytes |
neutrophils eosinophiles basophils monocytes lymphocytes |
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neutrophils |
most abundant WBC
involved in injury and infection
*PHAGOCYTIC |
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Eosinophils |
involved in parasites and allergic reactions |
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basophils |
Least abundant Involved in inflammation *release histamine and heparin |
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monocytes |
*phagocytic Largest leukocyte and leave blood and become macrophages |
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lymphocytes |
2nd most abundant WBC
migrate back and forth between blood and lymphatic tissue |
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types of lymphocytes |
b cells t cells natural killer cells |
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leukopenia |
low WBC count caused by radiation or chemo |
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leukocytosis |
elevated WBC count during infection |
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what stimulates the formation of lymphocytes |
thymus hormones called CSF |
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CSF (colony stimulating factors) |
stimulates the production of WBCs |
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thrombocytes |
platelets (membrane bound cell fragments from megakaryocytes)
stored in spleen and involved in blood clotting |
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thrombocytopenia |
abnormally low platelet count |
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TPO (thrombopoietin) |
stimulates production of platelets |
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Hemostasis |
processes that stop bleeding
-vasular phase -platelet phase - coagulation phase |
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vascular phase |
smooth muscle contractions of vessels, and the vessels become narrower |
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platelet phase |
platelets attach to the exposed collagen in vessels and form a platelet plug in the vessel |
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coagulation phase |
makes the physical clot
involves 3 pathways |
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3 pathways of coagulation phase |
extrinsic intrinsic common |
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extrinsic pathway of coagulation phase |
initiated outside of the vessel |
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intrinsic pathway of coagulation phase |
initiated within the damaged vessel |
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both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways result in |
the production of factor x and occur simultaneously |
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common pathway |
prothrombinase makes prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin makes fibrinogen into fibrin
fibrin traps the clot |
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prothrombin and fibrinogen are in |
blood but arent converted unless the person is bleeding |
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anticoagulants |
impair blood clotting and platelet function
warfarin, asprin |
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naturally occuring anticoagulants |
heparin and antithrombin |
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blood clots result from 2 reasons |
slow blood flow plaque in vessels |
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thrombus |
fixed blood clot |
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embolus |
detached blood clot which may get stuck in a vessel |
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dissolving clots |
plasminogen -->plasmin Plasmin--->breaks down fibrin |
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tissue plasminogen activator (T-Pa) |
converts plasminogen into plasmin |
