Biology Test #3 Chapter 13

Front 1

Darwin proposed _______ as the mechanism for evolution.

Back 1

natural selection

Front 2

Darwin said that some traits help organisms ______ and ______.

Back 2

survive and reproduce

Front 3

Misconception about evolution: Organisms DO NOT develop traits that they ____ or _____.

Back 3

want or need. We don't pass on traits that we want or need.

Front 4

Misconception about evolution: Evolution IS passive, meaning that it is only able to increase or decrease traits/alleles that are __________.

Back 4

already in the population

Front 5

Misconception about evolution: Evolution DOES NOT happen to ______, only _______.

Back 5

individuals, populations

Front 6

An example of scientists who observed natural selection in action?

Back 6

Rosemary and Peter Grant

Front 7

What did Rosemary and Peter Grant study?

Back 7

Darwin's finches in the Galapagos for over 20 years

Front 8

During wet years, _____ seeds are more abundant, meaning that ____ beaks are favored.

Back 8

small, small

Front 9

During dry years, ____ beaks are favored because ______ seeds are plentiful.

Back 9

large, strong; large

Front 10

Will natural selection act on variation in hairstyle?

Back 10

No a hairstyle is not a heritable trait

Front 11

Will natural selection act on eye number in a human population?

Back 11

No, because we only have alleles for two eyes.

Front 12

Initial use of pesticides favors a few insects with genes for ______. With continued use, ________ increase over time.

Back 12

pesticide resistance, resistant insects

Front 13

When insects become resistant to pesticides, they may have to _______ or resistant insects that pesticides can't kill may be created.

Back 13

change pesticides

Front 14

The study of ______ provides strong evidence for evolution.

Back 14

fossils

Front 15

Fossils show that organisms evolved in _________.

Back 15

historical sequence

Front 16

Oldest fossils are _______.

Back 16

prokaryote cells

Front 17

The oldest eukaryotic fossils are a _______ years younger than prokaryotic cells.

Back 17

billion

Front 18

Evolution is a ______, because a mass of evidence supports it.

Back 18

theory

Front 19

the geographic distribution of species

Back 19

biogeography

Front 20

comparison of body structures of different species

Back 20

comparative anatomy

Front 21

similarity in characteristics suggests common ancestry

Back 21

homology

Front 22

comparisons of DNA and amino acid sequences between different organisms

Back 22

molecular biology

Front 23

individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

Back 23

population

Front 24

the change in heritable traits in a population over time

Back 24

evolution

Front 25

all genes in a population at one time

Back 25

gene pool

Front 26

a change in allele frequencies in a gene pool over time

Back 26

microevolution

Front 27

_______ studies how populations change genetically over time.

Back 27

Population genetics

Front 28

________ makes evolution possible.

Back 28

Genetic variation

Front 29

What are the ultimate source of new alleles?

Back 29

mutations

Front 30

Most of the time mutations are not _______. They can cause an organism to sicken or die or can reduce its reproductive efficiency. Sometimes the mutation makes no difference. Other times the mutation may be good and increase the organism's chance of _______.

Back 30

helpful, reproduction

Front 31

Example of a good mutation

Back 31

DDT resistance in insects (good for insects)

Front 32

What shuffles alleles to produce new combinations?

Back 32

sexual reproduction

Front 33

In _______ reproduction, the offspring is identical to the parent, no new shuffling.

Back 33

asexual

Front 34

Homologous chromosomes sort independently during _______ of meiosis.

Back 34

Anaphase I

Front 35

Crossing over occurs during ______ of meiosis?

Back 35

Prophase I

Front 36

Homologous chromosomes sort ______ during Anaphase I of _______.

Back 36

independently, meiosis

Front 37

Sexual reproduction allows for random ________?

Back 37

fertilization

Front 38

The ________ equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving.

Back 38

Hardy-Weinberg

Front 39

Hardy Weinberg states that _____ and ______ frequencies within a sexually reproducing, diploid population will remain in ________ unless outside forces act to change those frequencies.

Back 39

allele, genotype, equilibrium

Front 40

500 blue-footed boobies- First generation
- _____ or ____% are homozygous dominant (WW)
- _____ or ____% are heterozygous (Ww)
- _____ or ____% are homozygous recessive (ww)

Back 40

320, 64%
160, 32%
20, 4%

Front 41

Second generation of blue-footed boobies
- Probability that a booby sperm or egg carries W is ____ or ____%
- Probability that a sperm or egg carries w is ____ or ____%

Back 41

0.8, 80%
0.2, 20%

Front 42

For a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a specific trait it must satisfy what five conditions?
1. No ______
2. Random ______
3. Very _____ population
4. No _______ between populations
5. No __________

Back 42

mutations, mating, large, gene flow, natural selection

Front 43

If the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg are not met, the ______ may change?

Back 43

gene pool

Front 44

Mutations may introduce ________, but that is ____ and _____. They usually have little effect on the gene pool.

Back 44

new genes, rare, random

Front 45

3 main causes of evolutionary change?

Back 45

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow

Front 46

If mating is random, _____ frequencies won't change much (genotypes might change)

Back 46

allele

Front 47

If individuals differ in their survival and reproductive success, ______ will alter allele frequencies

Back 47

natural selection

Front 48

What is the opposite of natural selection?

Back 48

genetic drift

Front 49

a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

Back 49

genetic drift

Front 50

In a small population, chance events may lead to the loss of _______.

Back 50

genetic diversity

Front 51

The _____ effect leads to a loss of genetic diversity when a population is greatly reduced. Examples?

Back 51

bottleneck, elephant seal, cheetah, prairie chicken

Front 52

when a few individuals colonize a new habitat

Back 52

founder effect

Front 53

With the founder affect, the smaller the group, the more ______ the gene pool of the new population will be from the gene pool of the original population.

Back 53

different

Front 54

the movement of individuals or gametes/spores between populations can alter allele frequencies in a population

Back 54

gene flow

Front 55

Industrial Melanism -> Moth in Europe
- Sooty environment -> favored _____ phenotypes
- Following soot clean up -> the ______ individuals of this particular population of moths was being reduced and the _____ colored individuals were favored and the ____ allele frequency declined

Back 55

darker, darker, light, dark