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269 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two major deuterostome phyla? |
Echinodermata and chordata |
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How many germ layers do deuterostomes have? |
Three
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What coelom type are deuterostomes? |
enterocoelus |
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What type of cleavage do deuterostomes have? |
radial |
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What type of development do deuterostomes have? |
indeterminant |
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How many classes of phyulm echinodermata are there? |
Five |
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What are the classes of echinodermata? |
Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea, echinoidea, crinoidea, holothuroidea |
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What are the characteristics of phylum echinodermata? |
spiny protective skins secondary penta-radial symmetry slow moving/sessile calcite skeleton coelom has circulatory, respiratory, & excretory functions water vascular system: hydraulic canals for feeding, locomotion, gas exchange |
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Which class of echinodermata are sea stars? |
Asteroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata have five arms and regenerate? |
asteroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata have a ventral mouth and dorsal anus? |
Asteroidea |
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Which class of echniodermata have tube feet with suckers? |
Asteroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata are brittle and basket stars? |
Ophiuroidea |
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Which class of echniodermata have a central disk with long, flexible arms? |
Ophiuroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata have no bumpy skin extensions? |
Ophiuroidea |
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Which classes of echinodermata have tube feet that lack suckers? |
Ophiuroidea and Crinoidea |
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Which class of echinodermata use their tube feet for locomotion and sensory perception? |
Ophiuroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata reproduce asexually by breaking in half and regenerating? |
Ophiuroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata are sea urchins and sand dollars? |
Echinodea |
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Which class of echinodermata are unevenly spherical or disc shaped and unable to move? |
Echinodea |
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Which class of echinodermata have five sets of teeth on the oral surface which are part of the feeding apparatus called Aristotle's Lantern? |
Echinodea |
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What are the five pairs of teeth on the oral surface of echinodea a part of? |
feeding apparatus called Aristotle's Lantern |
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What is Aristotle's Lantern? |
Set of five teeth that are part of the feeding apparatus of sea urchins. |
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Which class of echinodermata lack arms? |
Echinoidea |
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Which class of echinodermata have poisonous spines? |
Echinoidea |
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Which class of echinodermata consist of sea lillies and feather stars? |
Crinoidea |
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Which of the crinoidea are sessile? |
Sea lillies |
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Which of the crinoidea are mobile?
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Feather Stars |
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Which class of echinodermata have filter/suspension feeders? |
Crinoidea |
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Which class of echinodermata typically attach to coral sponges? |
Crinoidea |
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What do Crinoidea typically attach to? |
Coral sponges |
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Which class of echinodermata do not have suckers on their tube feet and who's tube feet help move food toward the mouth? |
Crinoidea |
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Which class of echinodermata typically have feathered arms around a dorsal mouth? |
Crinoidea |
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Which class of echinodermata consist of sea cucumbers? |
Holothuroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata have an elongated shape? |
Holothuroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata lack spines and have a reduced endoskeleton? |
Holothuroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata have five rows of tube feet? |
Holothuroidea |
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Which class of echinodermata eviscerate tehir intestines to avoid predators? |
Holothuroidea |
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What classes to phylum chordata consist of? |
Tunicates, lancelets, and vertebrates |
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What five traits do all chordates exhibit? |
post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, thyroid gland |
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What are the two classes of invertebrates in phylum chordata? |
Cephalochordata |
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What class of phylum chordata are sea lancelets in? |
Cephalochordata |
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In which class of phylum chordata do adults have all chordate characteristics? |
Cephalochordata (sea lancelets) |
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In which class of phylum chordata do larvae have all chordate characteristics? |
Urochordata (tunicates) |
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Which class of phylum chordata do tunicates belong to? |
Urochordata |
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Which class of phylum chordata has a bony skull? |
Vertebrata |
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Which class of phylum chordata has a backbone? |
Vertebrata |
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Which class of phylum chordata has an endoskeleton that may be bone and/or cartilage? |
Vertebrata |
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Which class of phylum chordata has a closed circulatory system? |
vertebrata |
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Which class of phylum chordata has a respiratory system? |
Vertebrata |
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Which class of vertebrata have agnathans and cyclostomes? |
Jawless vertebrates |
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Which class of vertebrata lack jaws and paired appendages |
Jawless vertebrates |
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Which class of vertebrata consist of hagfish and lampreys? |
Jawless vertebrates |
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Which infraphylum of vertebrata have two sets of paired appendages? |
Gnathostomata |
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Which infraphylum of vertebrates consist of Condricthyes, osteicthyes, amphibia, mammalia, and reptilia? |
Gnathostomata |
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Which class of Gnathostomata consist of sharks, skates, and rays? |
Condricthyes |
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Which class of Gnathostomata have placoid scales? |
Condricthyes |
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Which class of gnathostomata consist of bony fish and tetrapods? |
Osteicthyes |
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Which class of superclass Osteichthyes are the ray-finned fishes? |
Actinopterygii |
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Which subclass of superclass Osteichthyes are the lobe-finned fishes? Which class do they belong to? |
actinista; sarcopterygii |
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Which Subclass of superclass Osteichthyes are the lungfishes? Which class do they belong to? |
Dipnoi; sarcopterygii |
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Which class are incompletely terrestrial? |
Amphibia
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Which class has gas exchange through moist skin? |
Amphibia |
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Which class lays eggs in water and fertilizes them externally? |
Amphibia |
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Are amphibians amniotic? |
No. |
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What is an amniotic egg?
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An egg adapted for living exclusively on land |
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What class consists of humans, dogs, cats, etc? |
Mammalia |
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What class is endothermic? |
Mammalia
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Which class has most of their young born alive? |
Mammalia |
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Which class mostly has hair/fur?
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Mammalia
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Which class has a 4 chambered heart? |
Mammalia, reptilia aves |
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Which class produces milk for its offspring? |
Mammlia |
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Which class is amniotic? |
Mammalia, Reptilia |
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Which class consists of snakes, lizards, turtles, crocs, tuararas, and birds? |
reptilia
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Which class has tough skin made of keratin? |
Reptilia |
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What does skin made of keratin do for an animal? |
Doesn't need water, prevents water loss |
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Which class has leathery shells on amniotic eggs to prevent water loss?
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Reptilia |
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How many chambers do birds' hearts have? |
4 |
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What are the flight adaptations for birds? |
Keeled sternum, hollow bones, feathers, wings |
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What are the four types of skulls for terrestrial vertebrates? |
Anapsid, Euryapsid, Synapsid, Diapsid |
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What skull type has no holes behind the eyes? |
Anapsid |
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What skull type has one hole behind the eyes at the top? |
Euryapsid |
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What skull type has one hole behind the eyes at the bottom? |
Synapsid |
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What skull type has two holes behind the eyes? |
Diapsid |
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Coelom forms by splitting of the mesoderm schizocoelous. Determinate daughter cells are fated to produce specific body parts. |
Protostomes |
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Coelom forms by mesodermal out-pocketing of the primitive gut-enterocoelous.Indeterminate-stem cells are produced whose fates are not fixed at the time of division.Radi |
Deuterostome |
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Primitive gut |
Archenteron |
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Helps control hydrostatic pressure in the water vascular system |
Madreporite |
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Help with locomotion-contract to close valves & force water into the tube feet, which extend & adhere to the substrate. |
Ampullae |
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Organ that produces gametes. |
Gonads |
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Calcite plates |
Ossicles |
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Longitudinal flexible supporting rod of cartilage between the gut & nerve cord. Replaced by vertebral column in adult vertebrates except for remnant disks between vertebrae. |
Notochord |
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Ectoderm that has rollup into a tube; Hollow, dorsal to notochord; Will develop into the central nervous system |
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord |
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Openings between the pharynx & outside in primitive organisms used to filter food & particles & can also be used for gas exchange; Develop into head/neck structures in terrestrial vertebrates |
Pharyngeal Gill Slits |
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Tail, sometimes only seen during development |
Post-anal tail |
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In Deuterosomes, what does the blastopore become? |
Anus |
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In protosomes, what does the blastpore become? |
mouth |
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What is the circle of teeth called at the center of echinoidea? (Not Aristotle's Lantern, the other name) |
Peristome |
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Channels to help move food from aboral surface to oral surface and the mouth |
lunules |
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Clusters of longitudinal muscles separated by sheets of dissue to propel in a fish-like motion |
Myomeres |
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What is the oldest vertebrate clade? |
Agnathans/Cyclosomes (jawless vertebrates) |
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Which class of Agnathans/Cyclosomes consist of hagfish? |
Myxini |
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Which clsas of Agnathans/Cyclosomes have 13 hox gene sets? |
Myxini |
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What class of Agnathans/Cyclosomes have a neural crest?
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Myxini |
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Which class of Agnathans/Cyclosomes have extensive organ development? |
Myxini |
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Which class of Agnathans/Cyclosomes have two chambered hearts?
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Myxini |
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What class of Agnathans/Cyclosomes have red blood cells with hemoglobin? |
Myxini |
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What class of Agnathans/Cyclosomes consist of Lamprey? |
Petromyzontida |
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What class of Agnathans/Cyclosomes have larvae that look like a lancelet? |
Petromyzontida |
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What class of Agnathans/Cyclosomes have a cartilingous skeleton with a notochord as primary support? |
Petromyzontida |
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What class of Agnathans/Cyclosomes consist of parasitic adults with modified sucking organs for mouths?
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Petromyzontida |
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What are the key adaptations of tetrapods? |
Paired appendages (legs), amniotic eggs, and protective integument (outer layer) |
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What makes a protective coat that slows water loss and decreases friction? |
Mucous glands |
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What makes a variety of secretions like toxins? |
Granular glands |
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What protective membrane with amniotic fluid protects the embryo? |
Amnion |
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What is the function of allantois? |
Provides gas diffusion and waste removal |
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What is the function of a yolk sac? |
Nourishes embryo with proteins and fats |
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What is the white of the egg called? |
Albumin |
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What structure of an egg prevents desiccation and allows gas exchange? |
Shell |
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What is the name for dermal and epidermal layers that provide protection, movement, respiration, and helps organisms engage in behavioral responses? |
Integument |
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What is the process called in which skin becomes thicker with a and b keratin and has a reduced permeability to water and protection from desiccation? |
Cornification |
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What is the name for the structure responsible for oil production in hair follicles, sweat glands, and mammary glands?
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Sebaceous glands |
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An important evolutionary development that allowed embryos to develop on land in a fluid-filled sac, thus reducing the dependence of tetrapods on water for reproduction. |
Amniotic egg |
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An egg that contains specialized membranes that function in protection, nourishment, and gas exchange. |
Amniotic egg |
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This is an opening that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes. |
Blastopore |
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Name the type of development this describes: A developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore. |
Deuterostome development |
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Name the type of development this describes: characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue |
Deuterostome development |
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What is the name for the longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs the anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body? |
Notochord |
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What is the name for the structure in chordate embryos that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicate to the outside, and which later develop into gill slits in many vertebrates? |
pharyngeal slit |
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What is the name for the extensions of an echinoderm's water vascular system which functions in locomotion and feeding? |
tube feet |
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What is the name for a chordate animal with a backbone? |
vertebrate |
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What is the name for the network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet? |
Water Vascular System |
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In this form of cleavage, cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the axis of the embryo |
radial cleavage |
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This type of cleavage allows each cell produced by early cleavage divisions to retain the capacity to develop into a complete embryo |
Indeterminate cleavage |
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In asteroidea, water can flow in or out of the water vascular system into the surrounding water through this structure. |
madreporite |
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How many types of patterns can generate a coloem? |
Two |
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What are the names of the various types of patterns that can generate a coelom?
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Deuterostomal and Protostomal |
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What type of development results from mesodermal out-pocketing of the archentron? |
Deuterostomal development |
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What type of development results from the splitting of the mesoderm to form a schizocoelus? |
Protostomal |
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What is the opening to the developing gut cavity called? |
Blastopore |
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What type of cells are not fated to form a specific body part? |
Stem cells |
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What type of cell division produces stem cells whose fates are not fixed at the time of division? |
Indeterminate |
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What type of cell division produces daughter cells that are fated to produce specific body parts? |
Determinate |
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What type of development yields determinate cellular division? |
Protostomal |
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What type of development yields indeterminate cellular division? |
Deuterostomal |
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What type of cleavage aligns daughter cells? |
Radial cleavage |
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What type of cleavage twists the top layer of cells relative to the other cells in the 8-celled stage? |
Spiral cleavage |
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Which type of development has spiral cleavage? |
Protostomal |
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What does the protostomal blastopore develope into? |
Mouth |
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What type of development is this? |
Deuterostomal |
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What type of development is this? |
Protostomal |
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What type of echinoderm is star shaped, with 5+ arms, ventral mouth, dorsal anus, and tube feet w/ suckers? |
Asteroidea |
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What type of echinoderm has a central disk, long flexible arms, and tube feet without suckers |
Ophiuroidea |
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What type of echinoderms have unevenly spherical or disk shape, no arms, 5 rows of tube feet, and have Aristotle's Lantern around it's mouth? |
Echinoidea |
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What type of echinoderm is cucumber shaped, has no arms, 5 rows of tube feet, modified tube feet that form feeding tenticles, no spines, and a reduced skeleton? |
Holothuroidea |
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What type of echinoderm is sessile and has feathered arms surrounding its dorsal mouth? |
Crinoidea |
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Where are the ambulacral grooves and spines on sea stars? |
oral surface |
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Where is the madreporite on sea stars? |
aboral surface |
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In sea stars, what structures contract to close valves and force water into the tube feet, which then extend and adhere to a substrate? |
Ampullae |
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Identify Structure #1 |
Spines |
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Identify Structure #2 |
Arm or Ray |
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Identify Structure #3 |
Anus |
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Identify Structure #4 |
Mouth |
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Identify Structure #5 |
Disc |
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Identify Structure #6 |
Medreporite |
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Identify Structure #7 |
Ambulacral Groove |
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Identify Structure #8 |
Tube feet |
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Identify Structure #1 |
Anus |
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Identify Structure #2 |
Madreporite
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Identify Structure #3 |
Digestive gland |
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Identify Structure #4 |
SPine
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Identify Structure #5 |
Tube feet
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Identify Structure #6 |
Ampulla
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Identify Structure #7 |
Gonad
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Identify Structure #8 |
Radial canal
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Identify Structure #9 |
Digestive gland
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Identify Structure #10 |
Pyloric Stomach
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Identify Structure #11 |
Cardiac Stomach
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Identify Structure #12 |
Gonad
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Identify Structure #13 |
Radial canal
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Identify Structure #14 |
Ampulla |
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Why are sea urchins marginally faster than sand dollars? |
They twist their spines to assist in locomotion
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In crinoidea, what forms the crown? |
arms |
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In crinoidea, what does the crown surround? |
mouth |
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What kind of crinoidea are stalked, sessile animals that resemble plants? |
Sea lillies |
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Where are the mouth and anus of sea lillies? |
upper, oral surface |
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What does a sea lilly skeleton consist of? |
ossicles |
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Where is the visceral mass contained in sea lillies? |
Aboral cup |
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What does the aboral cup contain in sea lillies? |
Visceral mass |
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What structure of sea lillies consist of stacked ossicles with extensions of the coelom, associated organ systems, and water vascular system? |
arms |
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What does the sea lily stalk consist of? |
discoid columnals |
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In sea lilies, what do discoid columnals make up? |
stalk |
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In sea lilies, what structure anchors the animal to the substrate? |
holdfast |
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In sea lilies, what is the function of a holdfast? |
anchor the sea lily to substrate |
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In sea cucumbers, what are some tube feet modified to be? |
feeding tentacles |
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In sea cucumbers, what structures are sometimes modified to be feeding tentacles? |
tube feet |
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What type of feeders are sea cucumbers? |
Suspension feeders |
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What type of echinoderm eviscerates its guts and leaving them with predators? |
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
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When holothuroidea eviscerate their own guts to leave with predators as a means of escape, do they regenerate their guts later? |
Yes |
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Identify Structure #1 |
Pore pair |
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Identify Structure #2 |
Peristomial membrane
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Identify Structure #3 |
Lip
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Identify Structure #4 |
Tooth of Aristotle's Lantern
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Identify Structure #5 |
Oral tube foot
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Identify Structure #6 |
Ambulacral plate
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Identify Structure #7 |
Abulacral tube food
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Identify Structure #8 |
Spine |
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Identify Structure #1 |
Pinnules |
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Identify Structure #2 |
Arm
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Identify Structure #3 |
Holdfast
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Identify Structure #4 |
Columnal
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Identify Structure #5 |
Aboral Cup
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Identify Structure #6 |
Stalk
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Identify Structure #7 |
Crown |
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When two taxa are suported by evidence to have a common ancestor at the point where the two diverged, they are said to be |
Sister taxa |
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What are the five derived characteristics of chordates? |
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, endostyle/thyroid gland |
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What is the name for the longitudinal, flexible rod between the gut and nerve chord? |
Notochord |
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Which phylum has a notochord?
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Chordata |
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Which phylum has a longitudinal flexible supporting rod between gut and nerve chord?
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Chordata |
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What structure is eventually replaced by a vertebral column in all adult vertebrates except for remnant disks between vertebrae? |
Notochord |
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What does the notochord eventually become? |
Vertebral column |
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What is the name for the rolled tube of ectodermal tissue located dorsal to the notochord? |
Dorsal hollow nerve chord |
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What does the dorsal hollow nerve chord form? |
brain and spinal chord |
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What is the name of the structure that eventually forms the brain and spinal chord? |
dorsal hollow nerve chord |
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What structure is separated by grooves along sides of embyronic pharynx? |
pharyngeal slits |
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What do pharyngeal slits develop into in invertebrate aquatic taxa? |
gill slits |
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What do pharyngeal slits develop into in vertebrates? |
Gills |
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Where are pharyngeal slits incorporated in terrestrial vertebrates? |
In the head and neck |
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What structure is present during some embryonic stages but may be lost in later stages? |
Post-anal tail |
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What is the name of the longitudinal groove of ciliate cells in the pharynx? |
endostyle |
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What does the endostyle become in vertebrates? |
Thyroid gland |
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What is the function of the thyroid gland?
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involved in iodine metabolism |
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What are the two invertebrate taxa of phylum chordata? |
Cephalochordata (lancelets) and Urochordata (tunicates) |
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How many of the derived characteristics do adult Cephalochords (lancelets) have? |
Five |
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What type of swimming characterizes Cephalochords (lancelets)? |
Undulated swimming |
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How many sets of hox genes do most chordates have? |
13 |
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How many sets of hox genes do Cephalochords have? |
13 |
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How many sets of hox genes do Urochords have? |
9 |
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Which taxon of Chordata lose 4 sets of hox genes in secondary development? |
Urochordata |
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How many sets of hox genes would an adult tunicate have? |
Five |
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If an organism's notochord extends beyond the anterior end of the dorsal nerve tube, what taxon does it belong to in Chordata? |
Cephalochordata |
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What type of feeder are Cephalochordates (lancelets)? |
Suspension feeders |
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Where does seawater enter cephalochordates (lancelets)? |
pharynx |
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After seawater enters the pharynx in cephalochords what structure does it pass through? |
pharyngeal slits |
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Where is food filtered in cephalochords? |
Pharyngeal slits |
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After food is filtered through the pharyngeal slits in cephalochords, where does it get passed to? |
The intestine |
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Where does respiration primarily occur in Cephalochords? |
across the skin |
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Although respiration primarily occurs across the skin in cephalochords (lancelets), some oxygen is reomoved from water that passes over what structure during feeding? |
pharyngeal bars |
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Where does the dorsal hollow nerve chord terminate? |
behind the anterior end of the notochord |
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Where are the dorsal fin rays in cephalochords? |
Above the dorsal hollow nerve cord |
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What do the dorsal fin rays support? |
dorsal fin |
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Along the body of cephalochords are chevron shaped structures. What are these structures called? |
myomeres |
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What shape are myomeres? |
Chevron shaped |
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What are myomeres?
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Clusters of longitudinal muscle separated by sheets of tissue.
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What is the function of myomeres? |
Propel the organism in an undulating "fish-like" motion |
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What separates myomeres |
Septa |
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In cephalocords, gonads project from the body wall into what structure? |
Atrium |
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Are Cephalocords monoecious or dioecious? |
Dioecious |
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In lancelets, what structure is attached to the body along the mid-dorsal line but hangs free in the atrial cavity?
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Pharynx |
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What is the most basal group of chordates? |
Lancelets (chordata) |
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How do lancelet larvae swim? |
Swim upward and passively sink |
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How do lancelet larvae eat? |
During sinking, trap plankton and other particles in pharynx |
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How large can adult lancelets grow? |
6cm |
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What structure draws seawater into the lancelet mouth? |
cilia |
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What removes tiny food particles as water passes through pharyngeal slits? |
mucous |
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What does mucous in the pharyngeal slit of lancelets do? |
traps food particles |
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Where do food particles go after being trapped by mucous in lancelets? |
enters intestine |
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How do adult lancelets move? |
Coordinated contraction of myomeres flexes notochord, undulates body, propels lancelet forward |
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What is echinoderm greek for? |
Spiny SKins |
