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242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does motion result from |
Alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles |
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Contraction |
Shortening of muscles that Paul on Bones |
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Which system provides leverage and the support of framework for motion |
Skeletal system |
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Myology |
Scientific study of muscles |
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What is the energy conversion muscle physiology |
Chemical to Mechanical |
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What are the three types of muscle tissue |
Skeletal smooth and cardiac |
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Describe skeletal muscle |
Attaches to bone it is striated with light and dark bands voluntary control of contraction and relaxation |
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Describe cardiac muscle |
Created involuntary control autorhythmic one nucleus |
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Why is the cardiac muscle autorhythmic |
It has a built-in pacemaker |
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Describe smooth muscle |
It's attached to hair follicle and skin and found in walls of hollow organs non-striated involuntary spindle shaped thick in the Middle with one nucleus |
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What are the functions of muscle tissue |
Producing body movements Stabilizing body positions Regulating organ volume Movement of substances within the body Produces Heat |
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Sphincter |
Bands of smooth muscle |
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Which type of muscle produces Heat |
Involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle such as shivering |
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What are the properties of muscle tissue |
Excitability conductivity contractility extensibility elasticity |
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What is excitability |
Responding to chemicals released from nerve cells |
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What is conductivity |
Ability to propagate electrical signals over membrane |
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Contractility |
Ability to shorten and generate Force |
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Extensibility |
Ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue |
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Elasticity |
Ability to return to original shape after being stretched |
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What are the cells of the skeletal muscle called |
Fibers |
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Superficial fascia |
Loose connective tissue and fat found in skeletal muscle |
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Deep fascia |
Dense irregular connective tissue around muscle |
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What are the three components of connective tissue |
Epimysium perimysium endomysium |
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Epimysium |
Surrounds the whole muscle |
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Perimysium |
Surrounds bundles fascicles |
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Endomysium |
Separates individual muscle cells |
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What do the three connective tissue components makeup |
Tendons AKA dense regular connective tissue |
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What is the nerve and blood supply for each skeletal muscle |
A nerve and artery and two veins |
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Where can you find the the neuromuscular Junction |
Where the nerve and muscle meet |
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Where can you find nerve fibers and capillaries |
In the endomysium between individual cells |
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What does a muscle cell look like |
Long cylindrical and multinucleated |
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How many motor neurons do you need to supply multiple muscle cells |
One |
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How many capillaries are in contact with each muscle cell that was supplied by one motor neuron terminal branch |
1 or 2 capillaries |
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What is another word for muscle fiber |
Myofibers |
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What is the system of my muscle fiber starting at filaments |
Filaments to myofiber two muscle fiber to fascicle two skeletal muscle |
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What is the difference between a muscle fiber and a regular cell |
The specialized function |
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Sarcolemma |
Cell membrane and muscle fiber |
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Sarcoplasm |
Cytoplasm in muscle fiber |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Er of muscle fiber |
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Define sarcomere |
Functional unit in a muscle cell |
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Transverse tubules |
Tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all parts of the muscle fiber |
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What is in Sarcoplasm |
Large amounts of glycogen for energy production and myoglobin for oxygen storage |
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What does the sarcoplasm do |
Take off O2 from hemoglobin |
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Sarcomere function |
Basic unit of contraction of skeletal muscle |
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What is a z disc |
Boundaries of each sarcomere |
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What are the thin filaments in the sarcomere |
Actin that extend from Z disc toward the center of the sarcomere |
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What are the thick filaments in the sarcomere |
Myosin located in the center of the sarcomere that overlap the inner ends of the thin filaments |
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What do the thick myosin filaments contain |
Atpase enzymes |
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What is the structure of the sarcomere |
A bands h zone m line and i band |
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What does the a band of the sarcomere |
Full length of the thick filament in includes enter end of thin filaments |
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What is the H zone of the sarcomere |
Center part of a band where no thin filaments occur |
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What does the M line of the circle mirror |
Found and center of the H Zone that contains tiny rad holding thick filaments together |
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What is the I band of the sarcomere |
Reason with only thin filaments that lies within two adjacent sarcomeres lighter |
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What three proteins compose myofibrils |
Contractile proteins regulatory proteins and structural proteins |
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What are contractile proteins |
Myosin and actin |
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What are the regulatory proteins of the myofibrils |
Troponin and tropomyosin which turns on and off the contractions |
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Where is troponin and tropomyosin located |
On Acton |
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What are the structural proteins of a myofibril |
Titan myomesin nebulin and dystrophin |
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What are the functions of the structural mibro fiber and protein |
Provides proper alignment elasticity and extensibility |
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What do the myosin cross Bridges do |
They bind to the actin pulling thin filaments toward the center of the sacrum ear allowing attach move detach go back |
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What does tropomyosin do? |
Covers the actin binding site preventing their union with myosin cross bridges |
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3 trponin binding sites |
1. Binds to trypomyosin 2. Binds to actin 3. Binds to calcium |
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What happens when calcium cimbines to troponin |
trypomyosin slips away from its blocking positiom btwn actin and myosin |
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What happens when trypomyosin slips away |
Actin and myosin can interact so muscle contraction can occur |
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Whay happens in relaxed state |
Cross beidges disengaged from actin Troponin &tropomyosin is covering actin binding site Myosin heads are ib energized state Sarcoplasmic calcium low on myosin heads |
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What happens when troppnin binds with calcium |
Causes the removal of troponin frim binding site |
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What are on myosin heads in relaxed state |
Atpase |
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Active site exposure |
Ap from motor neuron tirgfers calcium release Calcium binds to troponin Troponin complete undergoes conformation to expose active site |
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Cross bridge attachment |
Myosin heads attach to active sites on actin |
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Sliding filament mechanism |
Myosin cross Bridges binding to actin pulling the thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere |
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Three binding sites on troponin |
Calcium actin triple myosin |
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Crosswords pivoting |
ATP plus phosphate separate from the my Myosin head |
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Crossbridge detachment |
ATP binds to myosin head Crossword attaches from Afton |
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Myosin reactivation |
Atpase hydrolyzes ATP 4 recock If calcium is high other cross-bridges attach active sitesIf stimulation If stimulation stops calcium levels drop and troponin covers actin active site again |
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Ratcheting of cross Bridges |
Resting sarcomere Active site exposure Crossroads attachment Pivoting of myosin head Crossbridge detachment Myosin reactivation |
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Rigor mortis |
State of muscular rigidity that begins 3 to 4 hours after death and last about 24 hours Calcium leaks out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and allows myosin heads to bind to actin |
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Why does Rigamortis happen |
Since ATP synthesis has stopped cross-bridges cannot detach from acted until proteolytic enzymes begin to digest a decomposing cells |
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Where do the structure of proteins link the myofibrils to |
The sarcolemma and extracellular Matrix |
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The structural protein titin looks like |
A spring it anchors thick filaments to the m line and the Z desk |
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The function of Titan |
It helps in recovery of the muscle from being stretched |
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Myomesin M line is found |
Connect to Titan and adjacent thick filaments |
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What is nebulan |
In an elastic protein wrapped around the thin filaments that helps align the thin filaments and anchors them to the z desk |
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What does dystrophin do |
A structural protein that links thin filaments to sarcolemma and transmits attention generator to the tendon |
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What determines the forcefulness of muscle contraction |
The length of the circle mirrors within a muscle before contractions begin |
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Muscular dystrophy |
Dystrophin doesn't link to the cell membrane and those gets contained in the sarcolemma |
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What separates the neuromuscular Junction from the muscle |
Synaptic cleft |
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Neuromuscular Junction |
End of axon near the surface of a muscle fiber and it's motor end plate region |
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Synaptic cleft |
Tiny gap between neuron and muscle that house neurotransmitter receptors |
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Structure of MMJ |
Synaptic end bulbs Motor end plate |
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Synaptic end bulbs |
Swellings of axon terminals |
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What do the synaptic end bulbs contain |
Synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine |
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How many receptors are contained in the motor end plate membrane |
30 million |
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Acetylcholinesterase |
Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine attached to the receptors on the motor end plate so muscle action potential will cease and muscle cell will relax |
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What do neurotransmitters release |
ACH so it binds to receptors on the motor end plate site to open up channels for calcium to enter the cell |
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Nerve impulse |
Release of ACH from synaptic vesicles ACH binds to motor end plate opening up Channel 4 calcium to go inside of cell Muscle becomes more positive moving through T tubules Release of calcium from Sr for muscle to shorten and generate for Acetylcholinesterase breaks down that ach to stop muscle contraction |
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Botulism |
Blocks release of neurotransmitter at the nmj so muscle contraction cannot occur |
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Carrera plant poison |
Houston poison arrows causes muscle paralysis blocking ACH receptors |
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Black Widow Venom |
Increases the release of acetylcholine causing prolonged muscle contraction paralyzed rigidly |
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What are the three sources of ATP production within the muscle |
Creatine phosphate anaerobic cellular respiration aerobic cellular respiration |
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What do you need for maximum muscle contraction 100 meter dash |
Creatine phosphate in the ATP |
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Anaerobic cellular respiration |
Glycolysis continuous anaerobically and to provide ATP for 30 to 40 seconds of maximal activity 200 meter race |
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When creatine takes phosphate off of ATP it stores it as what |
Creatine phosphate |
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Aerobic cellular respiration |
ATP production is an mitochondria after 30 seconds and provides 90% of ATP energy if activity last more than 10 minutes |
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What contributes to muscle fatigue |
Insufficient release of acetylcholine from motor neurons Central fatigue Depletion of creatine phosphate Decline of calcium within the sarcoplasm Insufficient O2 or glycogen Build-up of lactic acid and ADP Heat |
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What is a motor unit |
One somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles that it stimulates |
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What kind of contractions do precise movements require |
Smaller |
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When are large motor units active |
When large tension is needed |
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How did the motor units in a whole muscle fire |
Asynchronously |
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What is the purpose of muscle tone |
Maintaining blood pressure and posture |
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What is the latent period of a muscle contraction |
.5 milliseconds the nerve signal fire but no change in Force |
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Myogram |
Graph of a twitch contraction |
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How long does a twitch contraction last |
20 - 200 milliseconds |
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What is muscle tone |
Involuntary contraction of a small number of motor units |
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Wave summation |
Second stimulation applied after the refractory period but before complete muscle relaxation second contraction is stronger than the first |
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Fused tetanus |
Plateau super painful contraction |
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Unfused tetanus |
Partial relaxation between stimuli |
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Isotonic contractions |
Concentric and eccentric contractions where a load is moved |
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Concentric contractions |
A muscle shortens to produce force and movement |
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Eccentric contraction |
A muscle lengthens while maintaining force and movement |
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Isometric contraction |
No movement occurs.. tension is generated without muscle shortening maintains posture and objects and fix position |
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Three types of skeletal muscle fibers |
Slow oxidative oxidative glycolytic fast glycolytic fibers |
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So oxidative muscle fibers |
Slow-twitch red and color lots of mitochondria myoglobin and blood vessels for posture |
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Fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibers |
Fast twitch red and color lots of mitochondria myoglobin and blood vessels split ATP at very fast rate for walking and sprinting |
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Fast glycolytic muscle fibers |
White and color less mitochondria low myoglobin anaerobic movements for short duration like weightlifting |
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Which muscle fibers are connected by intercalated discs with gap Junctions |
Cardiac muscle |
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Which muscle cell has prolonged delivery of calcium to the sarcoplasm |
Cardiac muscle |
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Myogenic |
Contract without stimulation |
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How does the cardiac muscle generate ATP |
Aerobically |
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Two types of smooth muscle |
Visceral and multi-unit |
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Where is smooth visceral muscle found |
Walls of hollow viscera and small blood vessels |
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What causes visceral muscle fibers to contract in unison |
Gap Junctions |
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Where can you find multi-unit smooth muscle |
Large arteries large Airways arrector pili muscles IRS |
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True or false each multi unit has individual motor neuron |
True |
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Anatomy of smooth muscle beehive |
Lack sarcomere sliding of Thin and Thick filaments dense bodies attached to sarcolemma muscle fiber contracts and twist into a helix as it shortens |
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How does smooth muscle bind to actin |
Phosphorylation of myosen.. it has no troponin |
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What does calmodulin do |
Activate myosin kinase |
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How do muscle fibers regenerate |
With satellite cells |
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Fibro dysplasia ossificans progressiva |
Muscles don't repair osteoblast converts the muscle to bone |
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Can cardiac muscle fibers divide or regenerate |
Yes about 1 percent at 25..decreases .5 percent per year by age 75 |
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Can smooth muscle fibers regenerate |
Yes |
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Hypertrophy |
Cells grow and size |
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Hyperplasia |
Cells divide like in the uterus |
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What causes atrophy |
Buy disuse or severing of the nerve Supply |
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What causes hypertrophy |
Forceful repetitive muscular activity increasing my fibrils Sr and mitochondria |
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Origin |
Attachment site at the bone that does not move when muscle shortens normally proximal |
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Insertion |
Attachment site at the movable portion of the bone |
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Belly |
Fleshy portion of the muscle |
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The lever is acted on by two different forces what are they |
Resistance and effort |
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Do bones serve as levers Oar fulcrum |
Lovers |
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What is the mechanical advantage |
Muscles attachment farther from joint will produce the most Force Muscle attaching closer to Joint has greater range of motion and faster speed |
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A first class lever efl |
Head resting on vertebral column Face is a resistance fulcrum is joint between skull and Atlas effer is posterior neck muscles |
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Second class lever fle |
Raising up on toes resistance is body weight fulcrum is ball of foot after is contraction of calf muscles |
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Third class lever (fel) |
Most common favor speed and range of motion flexor muscles at the elbow resistant is waiting hand fulcrum is elbow effer is contraction of biceps |
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Agonist |
Prime mover to cause a desired action |
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Antagonist |
Stretches and yields to prime mover |
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Synergist |
Contrax to stabilize nearby joints |
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Fixators |
Stabilize the origin of prime mover |
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Where does the IM injection penetrate |
The skin subcutaneous tissue and enters muscle |
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When do you receive the IM injection |
When rapid absorption is needed for large doses or when drug is irritating to subcutaneous tissue |
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Where do you receive an IM injection |
Gluteus medius vastus lateralis and deltoid |
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Functions of the nervous system |
Sensory integritive and motor |
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Subdivisions of the nervous system |
Central and peritoneal |
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What makes up the CNS |
Brain and spinal cord |
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What makes up the pianist |
Cranial nerves spinal nerves ganglia interact plexus sensory receptors in skin |
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Cell body of the neuron is called |
Pera carrion or Soma |
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What are nissl bodies |
Free ribosomes or clusters of rer |
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What do neurofibrils do |
Shape and support nerve cell |
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Dendrite |
Looks like wild hairs on Soma that takes incoming information to the South |
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Axon |
Transmit outgoing information to another neuron cell muscle or tissue |
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How do you classify a neuron |
Multipolar bipolar and unipolar |
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Where do you find a multipolar Neurontin |
Brain or spinal cord |
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Where do you find a bipolar neuron |
retina or inner ear |
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Where do you find a unipolar neuron |
Sensory neurons |
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Four neuroglia of central nervous system |
Astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia epidemial |
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Function of astrocytes |
Isolates neurons from potentially harmful substances in blood regulates growth migration and interconnections of neurons regulate ion transport pics of excess new transmitters |
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Functions of aglio dendrocytes |
Form and maintain myelin sheath |
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Functions of microglia |
Phagocytes |
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functions of ependymal cells(cilia) |
Contribute to brain barrier between blood and brain produces cerebro-spinal fluid |
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Neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system |
Schwann cells and satellite cells |
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Schwann cells |
Wraps around Axon to insulate myelin sheath |
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Satellite cells |
Maintain cell bodies with support |
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Ganglion |
Cluster of neural cell bodies in pns |
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Nucleus |
Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in CNS |
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Nerve |
Bundle of axons in the pns |
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Tract |
Bundle of axons in the CNS |
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White matter |
Myelinated axons |
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Grey matter |
All bodies dendrites unmyelinated axons neuroglia |
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How do we transmit the signal down the Axon |
Voltage and current |
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Voltage |
The measure of potential energy generated by a separated charge |
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Current |
The flow of electrical charge from one point to another |
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What separates cell voltage |
Cell membrane |
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How is voltage generated |
When negative ions and positive ions separate positive are outside negative are on inside |
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What gives us the separation between the negative and positive ions |
Potassium leakage outside of the cell |
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What is the voltage when the cell is at rest |
-70 millivolts |
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What is the threshold voltage |
-55 millivolts |
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What happens at the threshold |
Voltage-gated sodium channels open completely |
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What causes the cell membrane to push up to 30 millivolts |
The sodium that plugs into the cell creating a positive charge |
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What happens to the sodium Channel when the membrane potential reaches 30 millivolts |
The sodium Channel closes |
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How does a cell repolarized |
When You Reach 30 millivolts the voltage-gated potassium channels open and floods out of the cell restoring the cell from positive to negative negative to positive |
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Graded potential |
Short-lived local change in the membrane potential that can either be depolarized or hyperpolarized -70 - -90 |
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Action potential |
Spreads over surface of cell without dying out |
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When a cell is depolarizing what rushes into the cell |
Na Plus |
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When a cell is repolarizing what rushes out of the cell |
Potassium |
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What is the absolute refractory period |
Cannot get another action to go The Gated sodium Channel are open the gate potassium channel are open anime channel is inactivated |
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Relative refractory period occurance |
Voltage-gated potassium channels are still open the sodium channels are in the resting state |
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Node of ranvier |
Gaps betweens wrapping in saltatory conduction |
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Which action potential travels signals faster through sheaths |
Saltatory conduction |
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tetrodotoxin |
Black sodium channels which causes tingling in the mouth found and puffer fish |
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What affects resting membeane potential |
Unequal distribution of ions in extracellular fluid Inability of most anions to leave the cell Sodium potassium pump |
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Sub-threshold |
Stimulus doesn't allow up to me true action potential |
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Suprathreshold |
Super strong stimulus which sends many signals not just one AZ in the regular threshold potential |
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Factors affecting speed of propagation |
Myelinated Axon diameter Temperature |
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Electrical synapse |
Fast communication synchronization founded heart and visceral smooth muscle |
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Chemical synapse |
Synaptic cleft found between nerve and muscle using neurotransmitter |
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How is a neurotransmitter moved away from the synapse |
Diffusion Enzymatic degradation Uptake by cells and recycled |
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What is the excitatory postsynaptic potential |
A neurotransmitter that depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane bringing it closer to the threshold |
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Where does the excitation usually occur in the excitatory postsynaptic potential |
The dendrite |
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What's potential stimuli can more easily generate a nerve impulse |
Excitatory postsynaptic |
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What is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
A neurotransmitter will cause hyperpolarization making it farther from the threshold |
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Where does the inhibition take place in the inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
Cell body |
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What affects the amount of neurotransmitter released |
Synapse on Axon |
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Spatial summation |
3 - 1 majority rules |
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Temporal summation |
1 - 1 one neuron firing excitedly repeatedly |
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What is he bien plasticity |
Neurons that fire together wire together |
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What is the neurotransmitter |
Molecule with an axon terminal that is released into seven epic left and response to a nerve impulse |
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What is a neuropeptide |
A neurotransmitter consisting up of 40 amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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what is substance p |
Enhance perception of pain |
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Enkephalins/endorphins |
Inhibit pain impulses You don't remember getting hurt |
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Cholecytokinin |
Found in brain and small intestine stop eating signal regulates enzyme secretion by pancreas |
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Neurotransmitter amino acids |
Glutamate aspartate Gaba |
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Glutamate |
Neuro transmitting amino acid in vertebrates |
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Gaba |
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter and regulating neuron firing |
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Benzodiazepines |
Drugs that enhance activity of Gaba such as volume Xanax |
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Monoamines norepenephrine |
Increases arise arousal and mood produced by Locos coeruleus and adrenal glands |
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Serotonin moniamines |
Secreted by midline raphe nuclei and bran found and depression anxiety and food intake |
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Dopamine |
Found in several brain regions in regulating motor Behavior... lack of dopamine can cause Parkinson's and schizophreni |
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Liz Gould |
Discovered new neuron growth in to brain regions neurogenesis |
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What two brain regions did Liz gold find neurogenesis |
Hippocampus and olfactory bulb |
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Why is neurogenesis important |
Learning and memory depression PTSD finding ways to heal damaged brain areas |
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What causes multiple sclerosis |
Autoimmune disease that has Degeneration of myelin sheath surrounding neurons of the central nervous system |
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What causes seizures and epilepsy |
Abnormal synchronous electrical discharges in brain |
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What causes rabies |
A virus causing encephalitis inflammation of brain |
