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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behaviour
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Response to environmental stimuli
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Vice
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Invariant repetitive behaviour
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Evulution,adaptation,domestication
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The major cognitive change was the capacity for habituation
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Anthromorphism
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Transeferring own values onto lesser species
human cold=horse cold |
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Anthrocentrism
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Humans are centre being so everything seen from our point of view
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6 Catergories of behaviour
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Innate-born with behaviours
Instinct-species specific inborn reactive disposition Taxis-oriantation towards/away stimuli Learning-Irreversible chnge,to repond to stimuli in a certain way Social-Reaction to stimuli provided by another individual of smae species Motivation-Appetitive actions=goal seeking Consummatory actions=goal acheiving |
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Horses
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Gregarious
Non territorial Form groups with stable relationships Grazing and browsing herbivores Eat high fibre |
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Learning
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Developing correct response to correct stimuli
-Basal nuclei=store/recall info -Hippocampus=learn/process info |
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2 catergories of learning
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Non associative=Modification of response pattern to existing stimuli
Associative learning =Sequential memory occurance of stimulus and response resulting in association between prviously significant and neutral stimuli |
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4 types of Non associtive Learning
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Habituation=-reduction in frequency of characteristic response to stimulus
-reduce response intensity -need repeted exposure to stimuli -focus energy on imortant aspects of natural environment Sensitisation=-increase sensitivity to stimuli -survival technique Imprinting=-learning instinctive skills for survival -occurs in during critical sensitive period-post birth -resistant to change -genetically coded behaviours appear Latent=-info used from prior experience t solve probs -sub concious learning-horses and water |
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6 types of Associative learning
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Classical conditioning=
-manipulation of natural behaviour (unconditioned stimulus)=unconditioned response -Association develops cs+ucs=conditioned response -ivan pavlovs dogs (bell/food/salivation) need repeted exposure,0.5secs between CS+US *Instrumental operant learning -response/reinforcer relationship -thorndikes law of effect=reiforcer is stimulus alters probability of it being repeated,law of readyness=animal is fustrated when can reach goal through responses,law of exercise=connections strengthen with practice Reinforcement=+ve=increased prob. of behaviour repitition -ve=increase prob. of behaviour repeated when removed (Skinners rats) -Operant conditioning=shaping -manipulating behaviour to required goal -Primary reinforcer=satisfy biological need -Secondary reinforcer=conditioned,sound of clicker Insight learning=interprets situation properly first time Concept learning=units of knowledge Social learning=modelling behaviour off other equids,not steriotypical behaviour |
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Reinforcement
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Continuous=reinforce every time,learn rapidly,extincts quickly
Partial=part time reinforcement,slow learning,no extinction Fixed ratio=increases freq of response,reinforce after specified no of times Variable ratio=specific number of times Fixed intervals=specified time relapses before reinforce Variable interval-no specific time or increase in response |
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Punishment
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-aversive event aiming to decrease behaviour
-ineffective -not same as negatve reinforcement=removing something from environment to up desirable behaviour |
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Other factors
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-extinction-association lost
-generalisation-CS condition another CS -Spontaneous recovery can occur |
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Social structure/organisation
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-live in social units,companions,still roam as individuals
-group size/composition,membership,stability,responsibilities,species specific organisational behaviour,patterns shaped by environment |
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Dominance Hierarchies-Harems
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-Family groups
-feral horses=1 male,6 females -dominance rank=involvement in aggresion -survival of fittest -mares=nucleus,15-20,status=length of resisdency,age,height -stallion=patriarchal,defence,herds,sire of all offspring,subordianate males will help *Multi male *Bachelor bands |
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Social attachment
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-directed towards specific members
-important for band stability -changes in bond between pair alters group dynamics Mare/foal=bond/perinatal physiological state of mare Peers=bonds between simular ranked horses,develos in foals-investigative then gradually playful-can attach to mares friends *Heterosexual-sexual interacions,can persist *Paternal-stallions retrieve straying youngstock,stallion allows dispersal after maturity Interspecies-zoo |
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Social doominance
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-dominant/sub ordinate relationship
-shown i drinking,resting,breeding,rolling,marking,movement -Agression=rank,once rank sorted no aggression -size dominant factor -age,temperament,condition |
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Behaviour
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-companions investigate stimulus together
-flight response-rear,shyprior exper.,buck,bolt,trot away *aggression-usay display threats *Submission-vacate area for dominant animals,toss head,snapping *Commuication=visual,body/leg gestures,tactile,chemical,acoustical expression |
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3 grou structures
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*triangle
*diamond *Linear-rigid hierarchy |
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African wild ass
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-territorial breeders
-bands of females/young -stallions available when females run through territory -small groups coz lack of forage |
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Asiatic wild ass
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-harem
-multiple male bands so synchronised natal dispesion -swap youngstock prevent inbreeding |
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Grevys zebra
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-non territorial
-small harems -late natal dispersion due to youngstock hanging around Burcheli zebra=territorial,low pop of stallions over geographical area |
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Ontogeny of behaviour
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-developmental history of individual organism
-starts in utero=propreoception knows diet/toxic plants |
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Immediate post partum behaviour
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-quick sternal recumbancy (defense),eas back,eyes open,tail tucked under
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Locomotion,sensory orientation
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-rection against foetal membranes,stand in 57mins
-eyes=25mins -ears=40mins -suckling associate learning=111mins 1st hour=investigative,care seeking,agonistic,ingestion,vocalisation,defecation 2nd hour=exhibits concern for mother,sleep,social imprinting -2+=urination,play,snapping,self grooming -week 6-grazing -coprophagy-eating poo know what to eat,drinking infreq. |
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Others foal behaviors
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-70-80% resting
-laterally recumabant -freq. urination,low defecation -grooming=mutual groom/courtship,alo grooming -attachment-primary social attachment |
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State behaviour
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-discrete body movement
-measured by frequency |
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Event behaviour
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-prolonged activities/postures
-measured by duration -sternal recumbancy |
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Ethogram
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-catalogue of organised behaviours
-behaviours must be objective,discrete,defined -making qualititative into quantitative -pic,title of behave.,description -differentiate between species |
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Time budget
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time spent on activity
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5 senses
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Tactile-vibrissae
,olfaction,vision,auditory,ggustatory Vision=monocular Dicromatic Steriopsis vision=2 colours,depth perception |
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Chemoreception(tongue and voleronasal organ)
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Gustation + olfaction
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Olfaction
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-2 systems-assecory+main
-Accessory=volmeronasal organ-responds to species specific smell,convuluted surface area,olfactory receptor cells, -long deep breath=odour detection=molecules bind recptors=nerve impules to temporal lobe Flehman response-upper lip lifted,direct contact? -olfaction-stimulates oestrous,stallion comp.,courtship, Mcgreevy&rogers.2005 |
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Hormonal and Behav. Rhythmicity
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*Circadian rhythms
*Circannual *Ultradian - tiny changes -Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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-Involuntary
-Viseral functions -HR etc |
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Brain Anatomy
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*Nucleus Accumbens=Reward/dopamine works upon it
*PONS=sleep,breathing *HYPOTHALAMUS=Base forebrain.Controls hormones,sleep/wake cycle *Thalamus=Motivation *Basal Ganglia=Forebrain.Inhibition of motor function,Dopamine *Cerebellum=Precison of actions *Limbic system[Amygdala + Hippocampus]=Memory/Emotions |
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Dopamine
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*Cathelochomine neurotransmitter
*Made in VTA |
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Cortisol
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*Produced by Adrenal Gland in Kidney
*Release is controlled by hypothalamus which tells anterior pituitary gland to release Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone-->Kidney *Seen in blood post stress 30 mins |
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Stress (x4)
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*Biological consequence of exposure to adverse environments*
1)Environmental Demand 2)Indiv. Perception 3)Stress Response=Cortisol 4)Behavioural Consequence |
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Ingestion Endocrinology
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*Leptin=appetite supression=increase by cortisol release
*neuro peptide Y=opposite to leptin *Gastrin=HCL release |
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Pain
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*Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience assoc. with actual/potential tissue damage
*NSAIDS,OPIOIDS,MORPHINE |
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Ethics
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Study of morality as we use to usge such things
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Welfare
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Health and happiness of a being
*Animal welfare-Can use animals *Animal rights-Cant use animals |
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Deontology
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Right or wrong
-everything is black and white |
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Utilitarianism
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-Greatest good for the largest number
*Consequentialism -moral hierarchy with sentient and nin sentient creatures |
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Brambell report (1965)
*5 freedoms** |
-Freedom from hunger
-discomfort -pain and injury -express normal behaviour -fear and distress |
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Welfare policies
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*Protection of Animals act 1911=cruelty etc
*Animal welfare act 2007=5 freedoms but vague |
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Performance and welfare
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*Selection-genetics
*training *travelling *rigours of comp. *wastage |
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Dressage Injury
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*Sacroilliac pain
*Proximal suspensory desmitis *DJD of distal hock joints *Synovitis of middle carpal joints |
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Showjumping
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*Tendonitis of SDFT and DDFT
*Suspensory desmitis in forelimb |
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Eventing
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*Proximal suspensory desmitis
*Stifle trauma *Sacroilliac pain *Over reach wounds |
