Human Behaviour - The Biology Of Behaviour

Front 1

1) What are neurons?

2) What do they do?

3) Neuronal activity underlies what?

4) The estimate number of neurons in the brain.

Back 1

1) Nerve cells. The basic unit of the nervous system.

2) Neurons transmit information around the brain and body.

3) Neuronal activity underlies psychological experiences.

4) Vary from 10 to 100 billion.

Front 2

What are the three types of neurons?

Back 2

1) Sensory

2) Motor

3) Interneurons

Front 3

Sensory

1) What does it do?

2) What do sensory receptors do?

3) How is the information transmitted?

4) What are 'Afferent Neuron'?

Back 3

1) Transmit info from sensory receptors in the body to the brain.

2) Receive sensory info from the world.

3) Direct or via the spinal cord.

4) 'Going to' the brain.

Front 4

Motor

1) What does it do?

2) How is the information transmitted?

3) What are 'Efferent Neuron'?

Back 4

1) Transmits info (commands) from the brain to muscles and glands in the body.

2) Usually via spinal cord.

3) 'Going away from' the brain.

Front 5

Interneurons

1) What does it do?

2) What parts are comprised of interneurons?

Back 5

1) Connects neurons with one another. interconnecting neurons.

2) most of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 6

What are the parts of a neuron?

(7)

Back 6

1) Dendrites

2) Cell body

3) Axon

4) Myelin Sheath

5) Node of Ranvier

6) Terminal buttons

7) Synapse

Front 7

Dendrites

What do they do?

Back 7

Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receives info (electrical impulses) from other adjacent neurons.

Front 8

Cell body

1) What does it include?

2) What does the nucleus do?

Back 8

1) The nucleus which carries the chromosomes (DNA; Genes) of the cell.

2) Determines whether it will fire the impulse it has received from the dendrites to another neuron.

Front 9

Axon

1) What does it do?

2) Where does it extend from and where does it end?

Back 9

1) Long extension of the cell body that transmits the electrical impulse to the terminal buttons.

2) Extends from the axon hillock to the ends of any collateral branches.

Front 10

Myelin Sheath

1) What is it?

2) What does it do?

3) What is it also known as?

4) What are the grey matter?

5) What is a type of deficit that is caused by low amount of white matter?

Back 10

1) A coat of mostly fatty cells (lipids).

2) Speedens transmission along the axon.

3) White matter

4) Dendrites, cell body and unmyelinated sheath.

5) Multiple sclerosis

Front 11

Node of Ranvier

1) What is it?

2) What does it do?

Back 11

1) Spaces in the myelin sheath.

2) Assists in speedy transmission.

Front 12

Terminal buttons

1) What does it do?

Back 12

1) Releases the travelling electrical impulses into the synapses.

Front 13

Synapses

1) What is it?

Back 13

1) Space between two adjacent neurons

Front 14

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

1) What are neurotransmitters?

2) Where is it stored?

3) Where is it released from? and why?

4) Neurotransmitters diffuse across the --------- and bind to the receptors in the ------------ membrane.

Back 14

1) Chemicals that transmit the electrical impulse across the synapse.

2) In synaptic vesicles in the terminal buttons of the presynaptic cell.

3) From the presynaptic membrane in response to the action potential.

4) Synaptic cleft and Postsynaptic membrane.

Front 15

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

1) What are receptors?

2) What is NT's and Receptors like?

3) What can NT's only do?

4) What happens when NT's binds with a receptor?

Back 15

1) Molecules in the Postsynaptic membrane that NT's bind to.

2) NT are like 'Keys' and Receptors are like 'Locks'.

3) Only particular NT's can bind to particular receptors.

4) It will stimulate the cell and process of possible firing repeats itself.

Front 16

What are the names of common neurotransmitters?

(6)

Back 16

1) Glutamate

2) GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

3) Dopamine

4) Serotonin

5) Acetylcholine (AcH)

6) Endorphines and Enkaphalins

Front 17

Glutamate

1) What are the effects?

Back 17

Excitation of neurons throughout the nervous system.

Front 18

GABA

1) What are the effects?

Back 18

Inhibition of neurons in the brain.

Front 19

Dopamine

1) What are the effects?

Back 19

Emotional arousal, punishment and reward

Voluntary movement

Attention

Front 20

Serotonin

1) What are the effects?

Back 20

Sleep and emotional arousal

Agression

Pain regulation

Mood regulation

Front 21

Acetylcholine

1) What are the effects?

Back 21

Learning and memory

Front 22

Endorphines and Enkaphalins

1) What are the effects?

Back 22

Pain relief and elevation of mood

Front 23

What is the nervous system?

Back 23

Front 24

Nervous System

1) What does it do?

Back 24

1) Provides he biological basis for psychological experiences.

Front 25

Peripheral Nervous System

1) What does it do?

Back 25

1) Carries info to and from the CNS; works with peripheral parts of the body (e.g. limbs)

Front 26

Central Nervous System

1) What does it do?

Back 26

1) Directs psychological and basic life processes; responds to stimuli

Front 27

Somatic Nervous System

1) What is also know as?

2) What does it do?

Back 27

1) Voluntary Nervous System

2) Conveys sensory info to the CNS and sends motor message to muscles.

Front 28

Autonomic Nervous System

1) What does it do?

Back 28

1) Serve basic life functions (e.g. heartbeat and response to stress)

Front 29

Spinal Cord

1) What does it do?

Back 29

1) Receive sensory input; sends info to the brain; responds with motor output. (e.g. Tells limbs to move).

Front 30

Brain

1) What does it do?

Back 30

1) Directs psychological activity; processes info sent fro the spinal cord; maintains life support.

Hindbrain

Midbrain

Forebrain

Front 31

Sympathetic Nervous System

1) What is it also known as?

2) What does it do?

Back 31

1) Emergency system

2) Readies body in response to threat/stress (e.g., fight or flight); activates the organism.

Front 32

Parasympathetic Nervous System

1) What is it also known as?

2) What does it do?

Back 32

1) Maintenance system

2) Maintains basic life functions, e.g., heartbeat, breathing, digestion, energy; calms the body down.

Front 33

What are the three main parts of the forebrain?

Back 33

1) Hypothalamus

2) Thalamus

2) Cerebrum

Front 34

Hypothalamus

1) What does it do?

Back 34

Homeostasis: Regulates the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems to maintain relative stability

•E.g. eating, sleeping, sexual activity and emotional experiences

Front 35

Thalamus

1) What does it do?

Back 35

Sensory regulation: Receives sensory information and routes it to appropriate parts of the brain for processing

•E.g. visual, auditory, taste and touch

Front 36

Cerebrum

1) What does it do?

2) Cerebrum has two parts. What are they called?

Back 36

1) Responsible for complex information processing.

2) A.Subcortical structures (‘inner cerebrum’)

B.Cerebral cortex (‘outer cerebrum’)

Front 37

Cerebrum: Subcortical structures

1) What is it also known as?

2) What are it's sub-parts? (2)

Back 37

1) Inner Cerebrum

2) Basal Ganglia and Limbic System

Front 38

Cerebrum: Subcortical: Basal Ganglia

1) What does it do?

Back 38

1) Mostly involved in control and movement.

Front 39

Cerebrum: Subcortical: Limbic System

1) What is it involved in?

2) What are it's sub-parts? (3)

Back 39

1) Mostly involved in emotion and memory.

2) (i) Septal Area

(ii) Amygdala

(iii) Hippocampus

Front 40

Cerebrum: Subcortical: Limbic: Septal

1) What does it do?

Back 40

1) Involved in pleasure, relief from pain, emotionally-significant learning.

Front 41

Cerebrum: Subcortical: Limbic: Amygdala

1) What does it do?

Back 41

1) 'Almond' shape structure involved in learning and remembering emotionally-significant events, recognition of fear.

Front 42

Cerebrum: Subcortical: Limbic: Hippocampus

1) What does it do?

Back 42

1) Involved in the storage of new memories.

Front 43

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex

1) What are its sub-parts? (9)

Back 43

1) Primary Areas

2) Association Areas

3) Occipital Lobe

4) Parietal Lobe

5) Frontal Lobe

6) Temporal Loe

7) Right hemisphere

8) Left Hemisphere

9)Corpus Callosum

Front 44

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex: Primary areas

1) What is it?

Back 44

1) Responsible for initial/simple cortical processing of sensory information.

Front 45

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex: Association areas

1) What is it?

Back 45

1) Involved in more complex mental processes/ information processing

•E.g. perceptions, ideas, plans

Front 46

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex: Occipital lobe

1) What does it do?

Back 46

1) At the back of the brain. Processes visual information.

Front 47

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex: Parietal Lobe

1) What does it do?

Back 47

1) Processes touch and spatial orientation.

E.g. locating objects and their relationship.

Front 48

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex: Frontal Lobe

1) What does it do?

Back 48

1) Responsible for cognition

E.g. Movement, attention, planning, social skills, abstract thinking, memory, personality.

Front 49

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex: Temporal Lobe

1) What does it do?

Back 49

1) Responsible for:

-Hearing and language

-Concrete and abstract information processing

Front 50

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex: Right Hemisphere

1) What does it do?

Back 50

1) Creativity: Non-linguistic functions e.g. processing musical sounds

Front 51

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex: Left Hemisphere

1) What does it do?

Back 51

1) Language, logic, analytical thought

-Complex motor behaviour

-Aspects of consciousness (esp. verbal)

Front 52

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex: Corpus Callosum

1) What does it do?

Back 52

1) Band of neural fibres that connect/bridge the right and left hemispheres.

Front 53

Cerebral Lateralisation

1) What is it?

2) Male vs. Female

3) For females the left and right hemispheres are what?

Back 53

1) Specialisation of cortical functions.

2) Males have a more lateralised (or specialised) than females.

3) Are more integrated than males.

Front 54

Split- brain patients

1) What are they?

Back 54

1) There is no integration between the left and right hemisphere. As if there are 'two minds' in the brain.

Front 55

How much of our personality is really within our control?

1) What is an example?

2) What happened?

3) What part of the brain was damaged?

4) How was the personality before the damage?

5) What happened to the personality after the damage?

Back 55

1) Phineas Gage

2) An explosion at work sent a metal bar through his skull.

3) The frontal lobe

4) Decent and Conscientious

5) Childish and irrelevant; he could not control his impulses or stick to plans.

Front 56

If we have less control than we think, then does that mean that every psychological experience is the result of the brain?

Back 56

Each structure is responsible for a function but does not work in isolation. Meaning that many parts are involved in one mental activity.

While psychological experiences can only occur with neuronal activity, it is not reducible to it.

Remember: Structuralism was criticised for being reductionistic.

The function (or purpose) of a mental activity is also important. Some of those control are within our conscious control.

Front 57

What is behavioural genetics?

Back 57

The study of the extent to which human psychology (mental processes and behaviour) is the result of genetic factors (‘nature’) or environmental factors (‘nurture’).

Front 58

What are Twin and Adoption Studies?

Back 58

Help tease out their relative roles of influence.

Front 59

1) What are Twin Studies?

2) What are their degrees of relatedness?

3) What is degree of relatedness?

Back 59

1) Researches compare the phenotypic similarity between 'Monozygotic twins' (Identical) and 'Dizygotic twins' (Fraternal)

2) Monozygotic twins = 1.0 (genotypically identical)

Dizygotic twins = 0.5 (genotypically similar)

3) The probability (or chance) of sharing the same gene with a relative.

Front 60

1) What is Adoption Studies?

2) What are the degrees of relatedness?

Back 60

1) Researchers compare phenotypic similarity between 'Children to their birth families' and 'Children to their adoptive families'.

2) Children to their birth families = 0.5 (genotypically similar)

Children to their adoptive families = 0 (genotypically dissimilar)

Front 61

What is phenotypically similar?

Back 61

How similar people 'appear' on psychological characteristics (e.g., extraversion, intelligence, depression, etc.)

Front 62

1) When is genetic influence highlighted?

Back 62

(i) If MZ twins appear more similar to each other on psychological characteristics than DZ twins.

(ii) If children appear more similar to their birth parents on psychological characteristics than their adoptive parents

Front 63

1) When is environmental influence highlighted?

Back 63

(i) If DZ twins appear more similar to each other on psychological characteristics than MZ twins.

(ii) If children appear more similar to their adoptive parents on psychological characteristics than their birth parents.

Front 64

What research is most effective for answering the 'nature-nurture' debate?

Back 64

Research that compares MZ twins who were adopted out separately.

Front 65

The role of genetic factors in influencing psychological characteristics is quantified by what?

Back 65

The heritability coefficient.

Front 66

What is Heritability?

Back 66

The degree to which variability in a psychological characteristic (e.g. intelligence, personality) is due to genetics

Front 67

1) What is the scale heritability is measured on?

2) What does the scores near 1 suggest?

3) What does scores near 0 suggest?

Back 67

1) On a scale of 0 to 1.

2) A genetic influence

3) An environmental influence

Front 68

Example:

Degree of heritability of eye colour is 1

What does this suggest?

Back 68

Difference in eye colour between individuals is almost entirely due to genetic factors.