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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Corrupt Bargain" of 1824
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Election of 1824, Jackson wins popular vote but not a majority of Electoral College Votes. Election goes to House, Henry Clay strikes a bargain to support John Quincy Adams in return for being Secretary of State. JQA becomes president.
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Why did the election of 1824 get decided in the House of Representatives?
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Because of the 4 candidates, no one got a majority of the Electoral College votes, so 12th Amendment says the the House must choose among the top three vote getters
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Who were the four candidates for the presidential election of 1824?
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John Quincy Adam, Massachusetts
Henry Clay, Kentucky, Speaker of the House William Crawford, Georgia Andrew Jackson, Tennessee |
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What political parties were represented in the election of 1824?
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all the candidates were "Republicans" in the colonial style of the term. This was the last election before two defined parties emerged.
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What was Henry Clay's nickname?
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Henry of the West
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After the "corrupt bargain", what nickname did Jackson give Clay?
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"Judas of the West" because like Judas in the Bible, he sold his influence (vote) to get Adams elected president in return for the position of Secretary of State
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Characterize John Quincy Adams
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great secretary of state
bad president austere, did not like people not corrupt, refused to appoint supporters to government positions |
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Was Adams a nationalist or states rights?
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Nationalist, urged construction of roads and canals, a national university, an astronomical observatory, fair dealing with the Cherokee Indians...
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Describe the early (1825-1828) split in the Republican party
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Adams: the national republicans
Jackson: the democratic republicans |
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What were the rally cries and symbols for Jackson?
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hickory poles and "All Hail Old-Hickory", "Bargain and Corruption" and "Huzza for Jackson
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What were the symbols and cries for Adams?
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oak poles for his steady independence
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Describe the campaign for 1828 election
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mudslinging (like calling Jackson's mother a common prostitute)
hyperbole bare knuckled politics |
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What example of nasty politics impacted Jackson personally?
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Adams supporters attacked Jackson's wife, Rachel, when they discovered that her first divorce had not been granted. They accused her of being a bigamist and she ultiWhat mately died a month before Jackson took office. He was devastated.
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What accusations did Adams face?
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They attacked his moral character saying that he brought gaming tables and gambling furniture into the White House
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In the election of 1828, where did Jackson have the most support?
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states in the South and West
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What states were divided in the election of 1828?
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middle states and Old Northwest
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What states did Adams carry in the election of 1828?
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New England and most of northeast.
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What was the electoral college count in the election of 1828?
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Jackson crushed Adams, 178 to 83.
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What was Jackson's nickname?
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Old Hickory
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What happened at Jackson's inauguration?
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He opened the White House to the common people who essentially trashed it, Jackson had to "escape" through the side door and they only got people outside by offering huge bowls of spiked punch on the lawn...the "inaugural brawl" and the beginning of the common people in the white house
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Did Jackson have a college education?
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No, and the only other president who did not was Washington.
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What is the "spoils system"?
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rewarding political supporters with public office
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Who coined the phrase, "spoils system"
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Senator William Macy, who said "to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy
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What did Jackson believe about the spoils systems?
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Reward political supporters and that each generation deserved its turn at the public trough, so clean house and appoint people loyal to you.
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What were two immediate results of spoils system?
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scandal
loyalty to political party leading to rise of two party system |
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Give an example of a scandal from Jackson's political appointments
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Samuel Swartwout, customs collector for New York, stoll over 1 million dollars in nine years.
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what is another world for spoils system?
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political patronage
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Who was Alexis de Tocqueville?
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Frenchman, came to America in 1831, toured country, wrote Democracy in America
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What was de Tocqueville overriding impression of American society at that time
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general equality of condition in American society
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What did de Tocqueville view as the result of this equality?
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restless, seething energy
mass democratic participation |
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What two possible outcomes for America did de Tocqueville foresee?
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tyranny of the majority: where the power of the state would enforce a stern consensus and crush independent thinking OR
radical individualism: leading to anarchy and individual lonliness |
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What is a tariff?
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Tax by federal government on certain industries or goods
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Which states supported a protective tariff on manufactured goods?
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middle states and new england (because they were building manufacturing industries)
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Which states opposed tariffs on manufactured goods?
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South, because it was agricultural and had to buy the now more expensive manufactured goods. Note: at that time there was not protective tariff for cotton
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What was the Tariff of Aboninations?
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Tariff of 1828, tariff for textile, wool and manufacturing industries.
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What is the nickname of South Carolina?
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The Palmetto State
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What was a Palmetto Cockade?
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Real or fake palmetto blossoms sew onto fabric to show opposition to the Tariff of 1828
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Why did the South get so angry about the tariff of 1828?
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Because they believed it was a "yankee tariff" discriminating agains them AND
They were worried about future federal legislation about slavery |
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Under what principle did the South states object to the tariffs?
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States' rights...
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Who was Denmark Vesey
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1822, free black man who led an aborted slave rebellion in Charleston...this just make people in south carolina more worried about possible laws against slavery.
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What did South Carolina try to do with the Tariff of 1828?
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Nullify it
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What does nullify mean?
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A state tries to declare a federal law (like the tariff) null and void within its border...i.e. the state says the law does not apply to them.
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Who was the leader of the movement to nullify the tariff?
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John C. Calhoun
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What was Calhoun's position on the tariff?
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That it was unconstitutional and that states had the right to nullify it?
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How did Calhoun propose to have states' rights and a strong union?
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He ultimately proposed a dual presidency, one for the North and one for the South.
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Who was call the "First President of the Southern Confederacy"?
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John C. Calhoun
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What was the Nullification Crisis?
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Congress passed the tariff of 1832, South Carolina nullified it, Jackson prepared to use US troops to enforce the tariffs, Henry Clay brokered a compromise so no force was used.
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What was the compromise tariff of 1833?
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Gradual reduction of the tariffs over time. Opposed by the middle states and North, supported by the South, avoiding military conflict within the Union.
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What was the Force Bill?
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Passed at the same time as the tariff of 1833, it authorized the president to use force to collect the federal tariff duties.
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Who were the two opposing sides in the Nullification Crisis?
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Nullies and Unionists
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What was US government policy toward native Americans in the 1790's?
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recognize them as a separate nation and enter into treaties
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What usually happened to treaties with native americans?
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White people ignored them and broke the terms in their quest for land and westward expansion.
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What was an early goal in relations with native americans?
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conversion to Christianity and "civilization"
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Which tribe blended in to white society in the early 1800's?
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Cherokee in Georgia
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What happened to the Cherokees in 1828?
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The Georgia legislature grabbed their land, invalidate their political structure and began to move them out
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What did the Supreme Court do with the Cherokee cases?
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Found for the Cherokees three separate times but Jackson ignored the Supreme Court and began to remove the native americans from their lands.
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How many native americans did Jackson forcibly remove?
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over 100,000
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What was the Indian removal act?
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1830, removal of all Indian tribes East of Mississippi
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What was the Trail of Tears?
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The decade long forced march of the Five Civilized tribes from their native lands to the permanent territory.
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How long did the "permanent territory" last before the indians were forced to move west again?
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15 years
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What was the Black Hawk War?
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1832, Black Hawk was a leader of Illinois and Wisconsin tribes that fought relocation, they were defeated.
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What happened to the seminole tribe in Florida?
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Some retreated to Everglads, some were killed and some had to walk to Oklahoma.
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In 1832, who owned the Bank of the United States?
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private investors
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Why did President Jackson dislike the Bank of the United States?
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Because it was a private bank, gave power to the moneyed elite, not the common people, like a branch of government but controlled by a rich few.
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What happened when Congress renewed the charter for the Bank of United States in 1832?
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Jackson vetoed the renewal and declared the bank unconstitutional!
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Why did Henry Clay make the bank an issue in the election of 1832?
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He thought that Jackson's veto of the bank charter would be the key to Clay's election as president. He was wrong.
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Who were the two main parties in the 1832 election?
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Democrats: Andrew Jackson
National Republicans: Henry Clay |
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Who was the new third party in the election of 18332?
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The Anti-Masonic Party, opposed the secret masonic order, started in New York, had some power in mid atlantic, anti-Jackson and supported evangelical protestants.
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What was the result of the 1832 election?
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Jackson crushed Clay in popular and electoral vote.
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What did Jackson do to the Bank of the United States in 1833?
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Killed it off by withdrawing US government deposits (probably unconstitutional act)
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What were "pet banks"
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regional banks where Jackson directed surplus money to be placed as he tried to kill of the Bank of the United States.
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What happened to the country when Jackson attacked the Bank of the United States?
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Financial turmoil, small banks crashed, speculation
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What is "species circular?
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A decree issued by the US Treasury under Jackson's direction saying that all property had to be purchase with hard or metallic currency. This cause a financial panic in 1837.
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Who were the Whigs?
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Early anti-Jackson supporters, souther states' rights, Anti-masonic party supporters. Whigs were conservative but supported active federal government programs like canals, railroads...
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Who were the candidates in the election of 1836?
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Martin Van Buren, sitting vice president from New York for the Democrats.
William Henry Harrison ("Tippicanoe") from Ohio for the Whigs |
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Who won the 1836 election?
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Van Buren, he benefited from Jackson's support
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Who has been described as a "first class second-rate man"?
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Van Buren
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What were some of the problems in Van Buren's presidency?
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financial panic of 1837
short rebellions in Canada in 1837 antislavery agitators in the North old enemies of Jackson |
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What caused the panic of 1837?
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speculation, especial the get rich quick land schemes in the West fueled by wild cat banks.
Jackson's Specie Circular Failure of wheat crops Failure of big banks in Britain |
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What did Van Buren do to try to improve the economic condition in 1837?
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The "Divorce Bill": divorce government from private banking...tried to establish an independent treasury.
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What did the Whigs want Van Buren to do to help the economy?
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active government intervention such as expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs and subsidies for internal improvements.
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What was the independent Treasury Bill?
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Pass in 1840, it established an independent treasury where government put money in vaults in several cities around the states (precursor to fed system)
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Who were the candidates in the election of 1840?
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Martin Van Buren, Democrat and sitting President
William Henry Harrison, Whigs, from Ohio and John Tyler from Virginia (Tippecanoe and Tyler too) |
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What were the campaign symbols for Harrison in 1840?
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log cabins and hard cider
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What were the big issues in the 1840 election?
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How do deal with the economic depression. Democrats wanted no government action, end to high flying banks and aggressive corporation.
Whigs wanted government expansion and stimulus for the economy. |
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What two major changes in the American electoral landscape were clear by 1840?
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triumph and importance of the popular democratic style for election (things like slogans, props, drinks hankerchiefs, posters and placards)
Rise of the two party system |
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By 1840, what did the Jacksonian democrats stand for?
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liberty of the individual, states' rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs
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By 1840, what did the Whigs stand for?
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natural harmony of society, communal interest, use government to achieve goals, national banks, national infrastructure, moral reforms like prohibition and abolition of slavery.
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Which party claimed to be for the common man?
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democrats
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Who was the president of the Bank of the United States?
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Nicholas Biddle or "czar Nicholas"
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