A+P Urinary System

Front 1

kidneys are _____ organs, their job is to?

Back 1

homeostatic
filter and maintain body fluids, remove toxins, regulate pH, salts

Front 2

the kidneys filter how much fluid/daily?

Back 2

200 L

Front 3

kidneys produce ____ which regulated bp and produce ____ which stimulated RBC production

Back 3

renin
erythropoietin

Front 4

the renal fascia does what?

Back 4

anchors and protects kidneys

Front 5

part of kidney? the outer granular tissue of the kidneys?

Back 5

renal cortex

Front 6

part of kidney? the brown cone shaped masses of medullary pyramids, appear stripped

Back 6

renal medullar-inner

Front 7

part of kidney? cortical tissue between pyramids, positive pyramid=lobe

Back 7

renal columns

Front 8

part of kidney? funnel shaped tube continous w/ ureter at hilus, branches into major calyces

Back 8

renal pelvis

Front 9

this structure collects urine

Back 9

calyces

Front 10

the flow of urine starting with the calyces --->

Back 10

pelvis, ureter, bladder

Front 11

urine is prepelled by peristalsis of the _____, _____ and _____

Back 11

calcyes, pelvis and ureter

Front 12

blood and nerve supply start with aorta ---->

Back 12

renal a, segemental a, lobar a, interlobar a, arcuate a, interlobular a, afferent ar, glomerulus, efferent ar, peritubular caps, interlobular v, arcuate v, interlobar v, renal v, inferior vena cava

Front 13

renal arteris deliever ___% of total cardiac output/min

Back 13

25

Front 14

kidneys have a nerve network or renal plexus controlled by ______ fibers

Back 14

symp.

Front 15

how many nephrons in a kidney?

Back 15

1 mil.

Front 16

nephrons function is to ?

Back 16

form urine (several neph. connect up to 1 collecting duct)

Front 17

the endothelium of the glomerulus is ______ -leaky

Back 17

fenestrated-allowing fluid to filter from blood into glomerular capsule

Front 18

the filtrate in the glomerus is _______ urine

Back 18

unprocessed- gets processed in kidney tubules

Front 19

the endothelium of glomerular capsule has 2 layers what are they?

Back 19

parietal-simple squamous
visceral-podocytes

Front 20

renal tubule is divided into 3 parts??

Back 20

proximal convoluted tubes-coiled
loop of Henle-hairpin loop
distal convoluted tubes-connects to collecting duct

Front 21

the PCT has what type of cells? and its activity is to do what?

Back 21

cuboidal epithelial cells
reabsorb and secrete molecules

Front 22

the loop of Henle thin segment has what type of cells?

Back 22

simple squamous

Front 23

the loop of henle thick segm. and DCT has what type of cells and function?

Back 23

cubodial
secretes solutes into filtrate

Front 24

this nephron is 85% most in body, located in cortex

Back 24

cortical nephron

Front 25

this nephron is located close to medulla, and its role is to concentrate the urine

Back 25

juxtamedullary nephron

Front 26

this arteriole arises from interlobular arteries, feeds the glomerulus, has high bp, easily forces fluids/solutes out of glomerulus

Back 26

afferent

Front 27

this arterole drains glomerulus

Back 27

efferent

Front 28

these capillaries arise from efferent arterioles draining the glomeruli, cling to renal tubules, adapted for absorption, low pressure, absorb solutes/H20

Back 28

peritubular caps

Front 29

vasa recta has what role?

Back 29

play a role in urine formation

Front 30

a portion of distal tubule are nestled in the distal tubule between the afferent and efferent arterioles of glomerulus

Back 30

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 31

in walls of arterioles are _________ cells (directly effect pressure in glomerulus)

Back 31

juxtaglomerular (JG)

Front 32

the JG cells contain _____ that sense bp in afferent arteriole

Back 32

renin-acts to increase bp

Front 33

renin-->angiotensingen--->_______I (ACE)----> angiotensin II

Back 33

angiotensin

Front 34

once at angiotensin II it either goes to ______ bv or stimulates adrenal gland to release _____ (reclaiming more Na)

Back 34

vasoconstict-constricts efferent arteriole, dec blood flow out of glom, increase glom hydrostat press, increase GFR(glom. filtration rate)
aldosteron H20 follows Na

Front 35

this are columar cells in distal tubule next to JG cells, they sense filtrate flow, act to regulate rate of filtration in kidneys

Back 35

macula densa

Front 36

as urine goes through tubules most ____, _____ are reclaimed along with _____.

Back 36

H20, nutrients
glucose

Front 37

the process of urine formation involves 3 steps:

Back 37

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
secretion
ALL are regulated by renal and hormonal controls

Front 38

the first step in urine form. is ?? and is passive (no ATP), non selective (no big molecules), -55mmHG

Back 38

glomerular filtration

Front 39

forces that increase filtration are ?
forces that decrease filtration?

Back 39

glomerular hydrostatic pressure
osmotice pressure(wants to put things back in caps.)
capsular hydrostatic pressure
55-15=40-30=10

Front 40

net filtration pressure of 10mmHg produces a filtration rate of ____L/day

Back 40

180 but a 15% glomerular pressure stops filtration

Front 41

if you increase the flow thru the tubules the substance cant be _____ fast enough

Back 41

reabsorbed

Front 42

if you decrease the flow thru the tubules many substances get _____ including waste

Back 42

reabsorbed

Front 43

this regulation of glomerular filtration is smooth muscle contracts when stretched, if bp ____ vessels stretch causing ______ decrease flow, maintain GFR

Back 43

myogenic-push on wall-gets narrow
increases
vascoconstrict

Front 44

this regulation of glom. filtration is bp ____, decrease stretch of vessels, ________ increase flow maintain GFR

Back 44

myogenic
vasodilate

Front 45

this is a feedback of glom. filtration. the macula densa cells detect _____ flow and ____ levels. if filtrate is ____ the mascula densa cells dont ______, vasodilation of _____ arterioles, more blood enters glomerulus, increase GFR

Back 45

tubuloglomerular
filtrate
osmotic
low
vasoconstrict
afferent

Front 46

this is tubuloglomerular feedback. if ____ volume of filtrate produced, the MD cells _______ of afferent arterioles, less blood enters glomerulus, decrease GFR

Back 46

large
vasoconstrict

Front 47

renin is ______ mechanism
_______ restores GFR
_______ lowers osmolarity

Back 47

angiotensin
vasoconstriction
aldosterone

Front 48

this part of the nervous sys. regulates flow only during extreme stress (shock)

Back 48

sympathetic

Front 49

sympathetic nerves do what to bv?, does what with organs? reduce ___ loss? helps maintain ___?

Back 49

vasoconstrict
shunts blood
fluid
bp

Front 50

___ ion is the most abundant ion in filtrate?

Back 50

Na
Na pump produced electrochemical gradient

Front 51

the gradient produced by the Na/K pump draws molecules across tubule cells!! Ex:

Back 51

glucose, amino acid, vitamins

Front 52

the loop of henle water is reabsorbed by _____. water can only leave the _____ limb, solutes can only leave the ____ limb only through a symporter

Back 52

osmosis
descending
ascending

Front 53

when you have a low volume, you have ____ pressure, and ____ Na in cell fluids

Back 53

low
low, collecting ducts open more Na channels to increase Na reabsorption

Front 54

most secretion occurs where?

Back 54

PCT

Front 55

secretion is important for excreting xs ____ ions and controlling blood ___

Back 55

K
pH

Front 56

the concentration of body fluids is measured in _____

Back 56

milliosmols

Front 57

kidneys must keep solute concentration of body fluids around _____ mOsm

Back 57

300

Front 58

filtrate flows in one direction through _______. blood flows in opposite direction through _____. this counter current establishes and maintains an ____ gradient

Back 58

loop of Henle
vasa recta
osmotic

Front 59

filtrate entering PCT is ___mOsm(same for blood), water leaves ____ limb, filtrate gets more concentrated (more salty), at base of loop filtrate = ___ mOsm, filtrate begins to ascend loop

Back 59

300
descending
1200

Front 60

vasa recta prevents the removal of ____. descending limb loses _____, gainin ____. ascending limb gains ____ loses ____

Back 60

salts
H20
salt
H20
salt

Front 61

body fluids together avg ___ L
intracellular fluids ____L
extracellular fluids ___L

Back 61

50
25-30
15-20
body fluids are either electrolytes or non

Front 62

non electrolytes have ___ charge, mostly ___ molecules

Back 62

no
organic-glucose, lipids

Front 63

electrolytes are ____charged, include ____ acids, bases, and some proteins and are expressed in milliequivalents/liter

Back 63

electrically
inorganic

Front 64

the equation for milliequivalent/liters=

Back 64

conc of ion/atomic weight X # of electrical charges on ion
EX: Na 3300mg/L/23 X 1 = 143

Front 65

major cation is ___
major anion is ___

Back 65

Na
Cl

Front 66

water intake about ____L/day
how much from water/liquids ___
food ___
cellular meta ____

Back 66

2.5
60%
30%
10%

Front 67

water output varies
evaporation from lungs/skin __
perspiration ___
feces ___
urine _____

Back 67

28%
8%
4%
60%

Front 68

osmoreceptors in hypot. trigger ____, kidneys increase or decrease ___ loss.

Back 68

thirst
fluid

Front 69

electrolyte balance(salts) is important for:

Back 69

neuromuscular excitability
secretion
membrane perm
controlling fluid movement

Front 70

sodium salts make up ____% of all solutes, contribute ___mOsm of 300. normal plasma concentration is _____mEq/L

Back 70

90-95
280
142

Front 71

PCT reabsorps ____% of Na
loop of henle reclaims ___%.
DCT and collecting duct reclaims only ___%(only if aldosterone is present)

Back 71

65
25
10

Front 72

atrial natriuretic peptide promotes ____ excretion, inhibits NA ____ in collecting ducts, inhibits release of ____,___,___

Back 72

Na
reabsorption
ADH, rennin, aldosterone

Front 73

regulation of K, main _____ cation, can be extremely toxic, increase K in ECF-____
decrease K in ECF-______

Back 73

intracellular
depolarization
hyperpolarization

Front 74

K levels controlled by __

Back 74

kidneys

Front 75

___% of K is reabsorbed by nephron?
___% is lost in urine

Back 75

85
15

Front 76

some K can be reabsorbed by type ________ cells

Back 76

A intercalated(in collecting ducts)

Front 77

K ions directly stimulate _____ cortex to release aldosterone

Back 77

adrenal

Front 78

regulation of calcium
___% is in bones in salt form
Ca is needed for:

Back 78

99
blood clotting
cell m. permibility
muscular contractions
neurosecretion

Front 79

parathyroid hormone activates ____ to breakdown bone and release Ca into blood

Back 79

osteoclasts

Front 80

calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland when blood Ca increases, encourages bone ____ of Ca

Back 80

deposition

Front 81

this is the second abundant intracellular cation, needed for carb and protein meta.
functions are:
___% is in bone

Back 81

magnesium
cardiac function
neurotransmission
neuromuscular activity
cofactor for ATP

Front 82

___ is a major anion, helps Na maintain osmotic pressure, ___% of Cl is reabsorbed,

Back 82

chloride
99

Front 83

H concentration in blood is regulated by:

Back 83

chemical buffers
respiration
kidneys

Front 84

acids are proton ____
bases are proton ____

Back 84

donors
acceptors

Front 85

what are the 3 chemical buffers in the system:

Back 85

biocarbonate
phosphate
proteins

Front 86

H2CO3-_____ off H (acid)
HCO3-_____ up H

Back 86

gives
take

Front 87

concentration of HCO3 in ECF is regulated by ____
concentration of H2CO3 in ECF is regulated by ____

Back 87

kidneys
respiration

Front 88

phosphate buffers are important in _____ form. and ____
increase H--->____
decrese H---->____

Back 88

urine
ICF
H2PO4
HPO4

Front 89

this is the most plentiful and powerful source of buffers in plasma and ICF
A/A can mop up ___.
A/A can give up __.

Back 89

proteins
H---> COO + H= COOH
H---> NH3=NH2+H

Front 90

this is the most common cause of acid-base imbalance

Back 90

respiratory acidosis

Front 91

this abnormality is respiration is insufficient, blood CO2 rises, pH falls

Back 91

resp. acidosis

Front 92

this abnormality is CO2 is eliminated faster than it is produced, respiration is too fast, blood CO2 falls, pH rises

Back 92

resp. alkalosis

Front 93

this abnormality is low blood HCO3 levels, causes can be too much alcohol, diarrhea, to much lactic acids, blood HCO3 low, pH low

Back 93

metabolic acidosis

Front 94

this abnormaility to less common, causes loss of stomach acid, blood HCO3 high, pH high

Back 94

metabolic alkalosis