A&p Study Guide 3

Front 1

Three main cavities:

Back 1

Oral, nasal, pharyngeal

Front 2

Change the resonance by:

Back 2

changing size or shape

Front 3

Resonance

Back 3

process of filtering sounds produced through the oral, nasal, or pharyngeal cavities by changing configuration of each cavity

Front 4

Articulation

Back 4

process of shaping the articulators to distinct speech sounds

Front 5

Articulators

Back 5

used to alter the shape and size of the vocal tract to achieve different speech sounds

Front 6

Mobile Articulators (7)

Back 6

Mandible †
Jaw Muscles *
Face (Lips & Cheeks) *
Tongue *
Velum (soft palate) *
Pharynx (throat) *

Front 7

Immobile Articulators (3)

Back 7

Alveolar ridge †
Hard palate †
Teeth †

Front 8

Oral Cavity

Back 8

[from the lips to the posterior faucial pillar]
lips in front
cheeks on the sides
tongue on the bottom
teeth around edges
roof of mouth on top
palatine tonsils between 2 faucial pillars
posterior faucial pillar at back

Front 9

Occlusions

Back 9

Class I (Occlusion) no air allowed
Class II Malocclusion: overbite
Class III Malocclusion: underbite

Front 10

Nasal Cavity

Back 10

[from the nares to the nasal choanae (“funnel”)]
nares in front
nasal philtrum between nose and lips
nasal septum separates left & right sides of nasal cavity
3 nasal conchae (turbinades) create three meatuses (passageways)
nasal choanae (“funnel”) at back

Front 11

Pharyngeal Cavity (“Pharynx”

Back 11

[from the nasal choanae and posterior faucial pillar to the laryngeal vestibule]
closed posteriorly & laterally by pharyngeal wall muscles
3 segments:
1. nasopharynx (pharyngeal tonsil and Eustachian tube opening)
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

Front 12

suture joint

Back 12

fusion of skull bones; immobile joint; occurs during development

Front 13

fontanelle

Back 13

unfused connection between skull bones in infants, before fusion

Front 14

foramen

Back 14

hole (be sure to specify which hole)

Front 15

symphysis

Back 15

a point of union in a single bone where two halves once joined

Front 16

alveolus

Back 16

a small hole/pocket/sack

Front 17

mental

Back 17

chin

Front 18

Facial bones

Back 18

Palatine
Zygomatic
Mandible
Maxilla
Hyoid

Front 19

Landmarks of Mandible

Back 19

corpus (body) of mandible
mental symphysis
mental protuberance
alveolar arch
mylohyoid groove
angle of mandible
ramus of mandible
coronoid process
condylar process

Front 20

Landmarks of Maxilla

Back 20

frontal process
zygomatic process
alveolar process
anterior nasal spine
palatine process
alveolar ridge
intermaxillary suture
premaxillary suture

Front 21

Landmarks of Hyoid

Back 21

Corpus
Greater horn
Lesser horn

Front 22

Cranial bones

Back 22

Sphenoid
Temporal

Front 23

Landmarks of sphenoid bone

Back 23

medial pterygoid plate
lateral pterygoid plate

Front 24

Landmarks of temporal bone

Back 24

external auditory meatus
mastoid process
styloid process
zygomatic process of temporal bone + temporal process of zygomatic bone form zygomatic arch

Front 25

Functions of facial muscles

Back 25

• Speech production [Filter]
• Facial expression
• Chewing, eating from a utensil, prevent drooling, sucking from a straw

Front 26

Functions of Jaw Muscles

Back 26

• Speech production [Filter]
• Chewing & biting (among strongest muscles in body)

Front 27

Functions of the Tongue

Back 27

• Speech production [Filter] (tongue as mobile articulator)
• Chewing & swallowing
• Taste sensation

Front 28

oris

Back 28

mouth

Front 29

labii

Back 29

lips

Front 30

anguli oris

Back 30

corner of mouth

Front 31

orbicularis

Back 31

makes a complete circle

Front 32

mental & “genio-“

Back 32

chin

Front 33

glossal

Back 33

tongue

Front 34

all muscles of the face

Back 34

are innervated by CN VII (Facial Nerve).
occur as a pair, on the left & right sides.

Front 35

Origin: orbicularis oris
(superior & inferior)

Back 35

corner of lips

Front 36

Insertion: orbicularis oris
(superior & inferior)

Back 36

opposite corner of lips

Front 37

origin: risorius

Back 37

posterior face & masseter muscle

Front 38

insertion: risorius

Back 38

corner of mouth

Front 39

origin: zygomatic

Back 39

zygomatic bone

Front 40

Insertion: zygomatic

Back 40

corner of mouth & upper lip

Front 41

origin: levator labii superioris

Back 41

infraorbital margin of maxilla

Front 42

insertion: levator labii superioris

Back 42

upper lip

Front 43

origin: levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

Back 43

frontal process of maxilla

Front 44

insertion: levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

Back 44

upper lip

Front 45

Origin: levator anguli oris

Back 45

maxilla (below infraorbital margin)
[deep to levator labii superioris]

Front 46

Insertion: levator anguli oris

Back 46

corner of mouth

Front 47

origin: depressor labii inferioris

Back 47

mandible
[deep to depressor anguli oris]

Front 48

insertion: depressor labii inferioris

Back 48

lower lip

Front 49

origin: depressor anguli oris

Back 49

mandible

Front 50

insertion: depressor anguli oris

Back 50

corner of mouth &
upper lip

Front 51

origin: mentalis

Back 51

mandible
[deep to depressor labii inferioris]

Front 52

insertion: mentalis

Back 52

skin of chin below

Front 53

origin: buccinator

Back 53

pterygomandibular ligament
alveolar processes of mandible & maxilla

Front 54

insertion: buccinator

Back 54

corners of mouth

Front 55

All jaw muscles but geniohyoid innervated by

Back 55

CN V (Trigeminal)

Front 56

geniohyoid innervation:

Back 56

*CN XII (Hypoglossal)

Front 57

origin: temporalis

Back 57

temporal bone

Front 58

insertion: temporalis

Back 58

coronoid process of mandible

Front 59

origin: masseter

Back 59

zygomatic arch

Front 60

insertion: masseter

Back 60

angle & ramus of mandible

Front 61

origin: medial pterygoid

Back 61

medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid bone)

Front 62

insertion: medial pterygoid

Back 62

medial surface of angle of mandible

Front 63

origin: lateral pterygoid

Back 63

lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid bone)

Front 64

insertion: lateral pterygoid

Back 64

condylar process of mandible

Front 65

origin: anterior belly of digastric

Back 65

symphysis of mandible

Front 66

insertion: anterior belly of digastric

Back 66

hyoid bone

Front 67

origin: mylohyoid

Back 67

mylohyiod groove of mandible

Front 68

insertion: mylohyoid

Back 68

hyoid bone

Front 69

origin: geniohyoid

Back 69

Symphysis of mandible

Front 70

insertion: geniohyoid

Back 70

hyoid bone

Front 71

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Back 71

superior longitudinal muscles
inferior longitudinal muscles
transverse muscles
vertical muscles

The intrinsic muscles of the tongue help with fine, controlled movements for articulation.
Each of these muscles occurs as a pair, on the left & right sides.

Front 72

EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE

Back 72

genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus

*The extrinsic muscles of the tongue help with gross movements of the tongue as a unit.
*The bulk of the tongue is made up of the genioglossus muscle.
*Each of these muscles occurs as a pair, on the left & right sides.

Front 73

course: superior longitudinal muscles

Back 73

back to front of tongue

Front 74

action: superior longitudinal muscles

Back 74

elevate tongue tip
pull tongue to side
*retract tongue

Front 75

course: inferior longitudinal muscles

Back 75

back to front of tongue

Front 76

action: inferior longitudinal muscles

Back 76

depress tongue tip
pull tongue to side
*retract tongue

Front 77

course: transverse muscles

Back 77

midline to lateral edges of tongue

Front 78

action: transverse muscles

Back 78

narrow the tongue

Front 79

course: vertical muscles

Back 79

inferior to superior surface of tongue

Front 80

action: vertical muscles

Back 80

flatten the tongue
pull tongue downward

Front 81

origin: genioglossus

Back 81

mental symphysis of mandible

Front 82

insertion: genioglossus

Back 82

all along tongue at midline (fan-like)

Front 83

action: genioglossus

Back 83

protrude tongue anteriorly
depress tongue inferiorly

Front 84

origin:hyoglossus

Back 84

greater horns of hyoid bone

Front 85

insertion: hyoglossus

Back 85

sides of tongue

Front 86

action: hyoglossus

Back 86

pulls sides of tongue down & back

Front 87

origin: styloglossus

Back 87

styloid process of temporal bone

Front 88

insertion: styloglossus

Back 88

sides of tongue

Front 89

action: styloglossus

Back 89

pulls tongue back (retract) & up (raise)

Front 90

innervation of tongue muscles

Back 90

CN XII hypoglossal nerve

Front 91

Landmarks of oral cavity

Back 91

labial frenulum
alveolar ridge
hard palate
velum (soft palate)
uvula
buccal cavities
anterior faucial pillar
(-palatoglossal arch/muscle)
palatine tonsil
posterior faucial pillar
(- palatopharyngeal arch/muscle)

Front 92

Describe actions of velum related to oral/nasal speech sound production.

Back 92

raises to close the velopharyngeal port for oral sounds and swallowing.
lowers to open the velopharyngeal port for nasal sounds (m, n, ŋ) and breathing.

Front 93

The bulk of the velum is made up of the

Back 93

levator veli palatini muscle.

Front 94

origin: levator veli palatini

Back 94

temporal bone, near styloid process

Front 95

action: levator veli palatini

Back 95

pull velum up & back

Front 96

insertion: levator veli palatini

Back 96

midline of velum

Front 97

origin: musculus uvulae

Back 97

posterior nasal spine

Front 98

insertion: musculus uvulae

Back 98

uvula

Front 99

action: musculus uvulae

Back 99

shorten velum & uvula

Front 100

origin: palatoglossus
(anterior faucial pillar)

Back 100

midline of velum
toward front

Front 101

insertion: palatoglossus
(anterior faucial pillar)

Back 101

sides of tongue

Front 102

action: palatoglossus
(anterior faucial pillar)

Back 102

depress velum
(raise tongue)

Front 103

origin: palatopharyngeus
(posterior faucial pillar)

Back 103

midline of velum
toward back

Front 104

insertion: palatopharyngeus
(posterior faucial pillar)

Back 104

thyroid cartilage

Front 105

action: palatopharyngeus
(posterior faucial pillar)

Back 105

depress velum
(narrow pharynx)

Front 106

action: *tensor veli palatini

Back 106

(opens Eustachian tube)

Front 107

innervation of velum muscles (except tensor veli palatini)

Back 107

X (Vagus)
pharyngeal branch

Front 108

innervation of tensor veli palatini

Back 108

V (Trigeminal)

Front 109

Pharynx

Back 109

courses from the nasal choanae to the laryngeal vestibule
(or skull base to the esophagus)

Front 110

three parts of the pharynx:

Back 110

nasopharynx – the space behind the nose and above the velum

oropharynx – the space behind the posterior faucial pillar, below the velum, and down to the hyoid bone

hypopharynx (laryngopharynx) – the space below the hyoid bone and above the esophagus (not including the larynx)

Front 111

origin: superior pharyngeal constrictor

Back 111

pterygomandibular ligament
(buccinator)

Front 112

insertion: superior pharyngeal constrictor

Back 112

midline of posterior pharynx

Front 113

action: superior pharyngeal constrictor

Back 113

narrow nasopharynx
(close velopharyngeal port - Passavant’s pad)

Front 114

origin: middle pharyngeal constrictor

Back 114

hyoid bone

Front 115

insertion: middle pharyngeal constrictor

Back 115

midline of posterior pharynx

Front 116

action: middle pharyngeal constrictor

Back 116

narrow oropharynx

Front 117

origin: inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Back 117

sides of thyroid cartilage

Front 118

insertion: inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Back 118

midline of posterior pharynx

Front 119

action: inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Back 119

narrow hypopharynx

Front 120

origin: cricopharyngeus
(“upper esophageal sphincter; UES”)

Back 120

sides of cricoid cartilage

Front 121

insertion: cricopharyngeus
(“upper esophageal sphincter; UES”)

Back 121

midline of posterior pharynx (top of esophagus)

Front 122

action: cricopharyngeus
(“upper esophageal sphincter; UES”)

Back 122

constrict upper esophageal opening

Front 123

action: salpingopharyngeus

Back 123

raise & dilate pharynx

Front 124

action: stylopharyngeus

Back 124

raise & dilate pharynx

Front 125

innervation of pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngeus)

Back 125

X (Vagus)
pharyngeal branch

Front 126

innervation of stylopharyngeus

Back 126

IX (Glossopharyngeal)

Front 127

Facial muscles: (10)

Back 127

orbicularis oris
risorius
zygomatic
levator labii superioris
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
levator anguli oris
depressor labii inferioris
depressor anguli oris
mentalis
buccinator

Front 128

Jaw muscles: (7)

Back 128

temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
anterior belly of digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid

Front 129

Action: orbicularis oris
(superior & inferior)

Back 129

Round, Protrude, & Compress Lips

Front 130

Action: Retract Lips (smile)

Back 130

risorius
zygomatic

Front 131

action: Elevate Upper Lip

Back 131

levator labii superioris
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
levator anguli oris

Front 132

action: Depress Lower Lip

Back 132

depressor labii inferioris
depressor anguli oris

Front 133

action: mentalis

Back 133

Protrude Lower Lip & Wrinkle Chin (Pout)

Front 134

action: buccinator

Back 134

Compress Cheeks

Front 135

action: Elevate Mandible (Close Mouth)
[Must work against gravity & apply force to chew food]

Back 135

temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid

Front 136

action: lateral pterygoid

Back 136

Protrude Jaw (when bilaterally contracted)
Lateralize Jaw (when unilaterally contracted)

Front 137

action: Actively Depress Mandible (Open Mouth)
(*When hyoid is anchored down by infrahyoid muscles*)

Back 137

anterior belly of digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid