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372 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Term meaning towards the head |
Cranial |
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Term meaning towards the tail
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Caudal |
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Term referring to the belly or underside of a body or body part.
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Ventral
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Term referring to the back.
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Dorsal |
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Term indicating nose end of head. |
Rostal
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Term meaning away from the midline. |
Lateral
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Term meaning nearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure.
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Proximal |
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Term meaning farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure.
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Distal
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Term meaning near the surface; also called external.
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Superficial
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Term meaning the caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus (from the antebrachial joint distally). |
Palmar
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Term meaning away from the surface; also called internal.
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Deep
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Term meaning the caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus (from the tibiotarsal joint distally). |
Plantar
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Term meaning parallel to the midline of the body.
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Sagittal
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Term meaning movement towards the midline of the body. |
Adduction |
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Term meaning movement away from the midline of the body. |
Abduction
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Term meaning the act of bending or the condition of being bent.
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Flexion
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Term meaning movement of two ends of any jointed part away from each other; movement bringing the members of a limb into or toward a straight condition.
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Extension
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Prefix meaning "abnormally fast".
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Tachy-
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Prefix meaning "abnormally slow" |
Brady-
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Combining form meaning "joint".
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Arthr/o
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Combining form meaning "cartilage".
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Chondr/o
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Combining form meaning "heart". |
Cardi/o
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Combining form meaning "artery". |
Arteri/o |
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Prefix meaning "no, not, without". |
A-, An-
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Prefix meaning "difficult, bad, or painful".
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Dys-
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Combining form meaning "blood".
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Hem/o, Hemat/o
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Prefix meaning "over, above, increased, excessive, or beyond". |
Hyper-
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Prefix meaning "under, decreased, deficient, or below".
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Hypo-
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Suffix meaning "inflammation".
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-itis
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Suffix meaning "tumor, mass, or neoplasm (usually benign)".
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-oma
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Suffix meaning "deficiency or reduction in number".
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-penia
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Suffix meaning "increase in numbers".
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-philia
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Combining form meaning "lung".
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Pulm/o, Pulmon/o
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Combining form meaning "vessel".
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Vas/o
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Term meaning reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood caused by a reduced number of circulating RBC, reduced PCV, or a reduced concentration of hemoglobin.
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Anemia
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Term meaning a stable internal environment.
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Homeostasis
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A specialized form of epithelial tissue that secretes mucus.
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Mucus Membranes |
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List four places you would find mucous membranes.
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GI tract, Respiratory tract, reproductive organs, eyelids
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List four basic tissue and cell types.
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Connective, epithelial, nerve, muscle
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Tissue type that adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together. |
Connective
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List five examples of connective tissue. |
Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood |
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Tissue type that covers internal and external body surfaces and is made of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements. |
Epithelial
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Tissue type that contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses. |
Nervous
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Tissue type that contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax.
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Muscle
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The space bounded by the abdominal walls, the diaphragm, and the pelvis is known as the? |
Abdominal Cavity
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The space bounded below by the diaphragm and above by the base of the neck is known as the?
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Thoracic Cavity
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The space bounded peripherally by the pelvic girdle, above by the superior aperture of the pelvis, and below by the pelvic diaphragm is known as the? |
Pelvic Cavity
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The membrane lining that covers the abdominal cavity and some of the organs in that area is called the what? |
Visceral Peritoneum
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The membrane lining that covers the pelvic cavity and some of the organs in that area is called the what?
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Parietal Peritoneum |
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The membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs is known as the what? |
Pleura
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The thoracic cavity contains which organs?
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Heart and lungs
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List five organs contained within the abdominal cavity.
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Stomach, Kidneys, Liver, Pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, and the colon.
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What are some examples of organs contained in the pelvic cavity? |
Bladder, parts of the reproductive organs, end of colon, rectum
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Groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body.
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Gland
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Groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ.
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Exocrine Glands
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Are groups of cells that secrete their chemical substance directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body. |
Endocrine Glands
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Any of the specialized epithelial cells found in the mucous membrane of the stomach, intestines, and respiratory passages that secrete mucus. |
Goblet cells
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List four types of epithelial cells. |
Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Simple Columnar, Stratified Squamous
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What type of epithelium lines the lines the ureters? |
Transitional
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Single layered, flat, square-shaped epithelial cells are called? |
Simple Squamous |
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Single layered, cube-shaped epithelial cells are called? |
Simple Cuboidal |
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Single layered, column-shaped epithelial cells are called? |
Simple Columnar |
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Multi-layered, flat, square-shaped epithelial cells are called? |
Stratified Squamous |
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List 4 types of connective tissue? |
Loose connective, dense connective, adipose, cartilage |
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Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Long, cylindrical multinucleated cells with dark and light bands to created a striated or striped look. |
Skeletal |
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Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Spindle-shaped without stripes or striations. |
Smooth |
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Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Elongated, branched cells that lie parallel to each other and have dark and light bands. |
Cardiac |
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Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Attach bones to the body and make motion possible. |
Skeletal |
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Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Produce slow contractions to allow unconscious functioning of the internal organs. |
Smooth |
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Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Function to produce involuntary contractions of heart. |
Cardiac |
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Striated Voluntary, Nonstriated involuntary, or striated involuntary: Skeletal |
Striated Voluntary |
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Striated Voluntary, Nonstriated involuntary, or striated involuntary: |
Nonstriated Involuntary |
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Striated Voluntary, Nonstriated involuntary, or striated involuntary: Cardiac |
Striated Involuntary |
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What are the 3 layers of the skin? |
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous |
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Epidermis, Dermis, or Subcutaneous: Most superficial layer, is several layers thick, made up of squamous epithelium, and does not contain blood vessels. |
Epidermis |
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Epidermis, Dermis, or Subcutaneous: Composed of blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, and the accessory organs of the skin. |
Dermis |
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Epidermis, Dermis, or Subcutaneous: Deepest layer of the skin, composed of connective tissue and contains large amounts of fat. |
Subcutaneous |
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What is another term for dermis? |
Corium |
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What is another term for subcutaneous? |
hypodermis |
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Which of the three layers of skin does not contain blood vessels? This layer is referred to as being avascular. |
Epidermis |
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What layer are ID injections being administered to? |
Dermis |
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What layer are SQ injections being administered to? |
Subcutaneous |
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The protein that provides skin with its waterproofing is called what? |
Keratin |
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The black pigment that gives skin and hair it's color is known as what? |
Melanin |
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Gland that secretes an oily substance through ducts onto hair follicles. |
Sebaceous |
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Gland that secretes water, salt, and waste via ducts that open directly onto the skin's surfaces through pores. |
Sweat |
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Breeds of cattle that are naturally hornless are known as? |
Polled |
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Name the 4 major components of the axial skeleton: |
Skull, mandible, vertebrae, sternum |
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Name the 4 major components of the appendicular skeleton: |
Shoulder girdle, Pelvic girdle, Pectoral (fore) limbs, Pelvic (hind) limbs, |
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The framework of bone or cartilage enclosing the brain of a vertebrate; the skeleton of the animal's head. |
Skull |
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The large bony structure near the base of the spine to which the hind limbs or legs are attached. |
Pelvis |
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Forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage, also called the breastbone: |
Sternum |
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The cartilaginous section at the lower end of the sternum, which is not attached to any ribs and gradually ossifies during adult life. |
Xiphoid Process |
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The broad upper part of the sternum of mammals, with which the clavicles and first ribs articulate. |
Manubrium |
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List the The 5 regions of vertebrae in order - cranially to caudally. |
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal |
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Most mammals have how many cervical vertebrae? |
Seven |
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The opening in the m iddle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes is the? |
Vertebral Foramen |
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A single projection form the dorsal part of the vertebral arch is what? |
Spinous Process or Spine |
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The long bone of the proximal front limb is the: |
Humerous |
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Foramen means? |
Opening |
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Bones consisting of a shaft, two ends and a marrow cavity: |
Long bones |
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Cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity: |
Short bones |
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Thin, flat bones (i.e. pelvis) |
Flat bones |
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Unpaired bones (i.e. vertebrae) |
Irregular bones |
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The part of the skeleton, including sternum, ribs, pelvis, and vertebrae, that encloses the internal organs in the main cavities of the body. |
Visceral skeleton |
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The bone of the upper hind limb, articulating at the hip and the knee. |
Femur |
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A thick flat triangular movable bone that forms the anterior point of the knee, protects the front of the joint |
Patella |
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Also called the hock, the joint composed of irregularly shaped bones found in the area known as the ankle in humans: |
Tarsus |
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These bones form the lower forelimb: |
Radius and Ulna |
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This is composed of seven short bones, the carpal bones, arranged in two rows. |
Carpus |
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This is composed of five small long bones, distally to the carpus. |
Metacarpus |
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These are composed of the most distal small long bones, 3 small bones in each. |
Digits or Phalanges |
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These long bones from the lower hind leg: |
Tibia and Fibula |
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The part of the arm or forelimb that goes from the shoulder to elbow |
Brachium |
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the part of the arm or forelimb between the elbow and the carpus |
Antebrachium |
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A short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. |
Ligament |
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A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone. |
Tendon |
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Immovable joints and the bones forming them are united by dense fibrous connective tissue. |
Fibrous joint |
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The bones of the skull are connected via this type of joint: |
Fibrous joint |
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These joints allow limited movement or no movement at all and are united by cartilage. |
Cartilaginous joint |
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The pubis symphysis connecting the two hip bones is this type of joint: |
Cartilaginous joint |
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These joints allow for a wide range of movement, the bones are separated by a space filled with fluid known as the joint cavity. Also called diarthroses. |
Synovial joint |
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The hip or shoulder would be considered this type of joint: |
Synovial joint |
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A muscle whose contraction bends a limb or other part of the body is known as a? |
Flexor |
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A muscle whose contraction extends or straightens a limb or other part of the body. |
Extensors |
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The muscles of the forelimb can be divided into __________ and ________ muscles. |
Extrinsic, Intrinsic |
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This muscle draws the leg forward and protracts the limb. (Forelimb) |
Trapezius |
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These muscles adduct the limb and hold the forelimb against the body wall. (Forelimb) |
Pectorals |
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This muscle retracts the forelimb. (Forelimb) |
Latissimus dorsi |
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This muscle flexes the neck and bends the neck laterally when the limb is on the ground. When the limb is not taking weight, it draws the foreleg forwards or protracts the limb. (Forelimb) |
Brachiocephalicus |
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This muscle extends the shoulder and stabilises the shoulder joint. (Forelimb) |
Supraspinatus |
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This muscle helps to stabilise the shoulder joint and flexes the shoulder joint. (Forelimb) |
Infraspinatus |
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This muscle extends the elbow joint. (Forelimb) |
Triceps brachii |
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These muscles flex the elbow joint. (2) (Forelimb) |
Bicep brachii, Brachialis |
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These muscles form the curve of the rump and are powerful extensors of the hip joint. (Hindlimb) |
Gluteals |
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These muscles provide the main propulsive force of the animal and consist of three muscles. (Hindlimb) |
Hamstring group |
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This muscle originates at the pelvis and runs over the femur to the tibia, extends the hip, flexes the stifle, and extends the hock. Most lateral. (Hindlimb) |
Bicep femoris |
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This muscle runs from the pelvis the tibia and extends the hip, flexes the stifle, and extends the hock. (Hindlimb) |
Semitendinosus |
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Most medial muscle of the hamstring group, extends the hip and flexes the stifle. (Hindlimb) |
Semimembranosus |
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This large muscle extends the stifle joint. (Hindlimb) |
Quadriceps femoris |
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This muscle runs from the pubis to the distal femur. Adducts the limb. |
Pectineus |
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This muscle inserts on the cranial border of the tibia with the gracilis muscle. Adducts the limb. |
Sartorius |
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This muscle forms the caudal half of the medial surface of the thigh. Adducts the limb. |
Gracilis |
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This muscle originates from the caudal aspect of the femur and inserts on the calcaneus of the hock. Extends the hock and flexes stifle. |
Gastrocnemius |
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A ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube. |
Sphincter |
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List three places you could find a sphincter |
bladder (internal and external sphincters), anus, stomach |
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List four sites in dogs and cats that are used for IM injections.
|
Lumbar/epaxials, Quadriceps, Semimembranosus-semitendinosus, triceps
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Where would a heartworm treatment injection be given?
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Lumbar, lateral to spine
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List the three sites on Horses and Cattle used for IM injections.
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Lateral neck, Gluteal, Semimembranosus-semitendinosus
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Which two sites should not be used on animals that will be consumed?
|
Gluteal, semimembranosus-semitendinosus
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Portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
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Central Nervous System
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Portion of the nervous system that consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system, and ganglia.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Nerve cells with a protective covering that serves as a electrical insulator.
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Myelinated
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Nerves without a protective covering over the axon.
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Unmyelinated
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The protective covering over some nerve cells, including parts of the spinal, white matter of the brain, and most peripheral nerves.
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myelin
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The part of the neuron that carries electrical impulses towards the cell body.
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Dendrites
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Part of the cell that contains the nucleus.
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Cell body or soma
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The main cell of the nervous system; specialized to carry electrical impulses.
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neuron
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Part of a neuron responsible for carrying messages away from the cell body; consist of a single long process
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Axon
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The part of the peripheral nervous system that stimulates involuntary muscles such as the heart, GI tract, and glands.
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autonomic nervous system
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Nerves that are associated with the skin, muscles, joints and tendons. Impulses are carried to the skeletal muscle where they initiate a response.
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Somatic
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Another name for motor nerves is?
|
Somatic
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Part of the autonomic nervous system that provides emergency and stress response "fight or flight".
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Sympathetic
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Part of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to normal after stressful response; maintains normal body functions.
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Parasympathetic
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Afferent or Efferent: carry messages away from the brain.
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Efferent
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Afferent or Efferent: carry messages towards the brain.
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Afferent
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The connective tissue that encases the brain and spinal cord.
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Meninges
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The longest cranial nerve in the body, connects to thoracic and abdominal organs is the?
|
vagus
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The largest spinal nerve that innervates the hind limb and must be avoided when administering an IM injection is the?
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sciatic
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The fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the shape of the eye.
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Sclera
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The anterior portion of the sclera that is transparent.
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cornea
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The pigmented muscular diaphragm of the choroid that surrounds the pupil.
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Iris
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The circular opening in the center of the iris.
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Pupil
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The clear flexible, avascular, curved capsule located posterior to the iris and pupil.
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Lens
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The nervous tissue layer of the eye that receives images and lines the posterior chamber of the eye.
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Retina
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The region of the eye where nerve endings of the retina gather to form the optic nerve.
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Optic disk
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The caudal two-thirds of the eyeball that is filled with a soft, clear, jelly-like mass.
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Vitreous chamber
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The lid or cover of the eye, a movable fold of skin and muscle that can be closed over the eyeball or opened at will.
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Eyelid
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Seven major muscles attached to each eye that make a range of movement possible.
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Eye Muscles
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Mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid.
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conjunctiva
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Paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film.
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Lacrimal Gland
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Group of disorders resulting from elevated intraocular pressure.
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Glaucoma
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Cloudiness or opacity of the lens.
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Cataract
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The tissue that separates the external ear from the middle ear.
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Tympanic membrane
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The portion of the ear that contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and is connected to the nasopharynx via the eustachian tube.
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Middle Ear
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The portion of the ear that contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance.
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Inner Ear
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Part of the inner ear concerned with balance.
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semicircular canals
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Part of the inner ear concerned with sound.
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cochlea
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Contains specialized mechanoreceptors for balance and position.
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vestibule
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Oriented at right angles to each other.
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Semicircular canals |
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Snail or spiral-shaped structure of the inner ear.
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cochlea
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Inflammation of the outer ear.
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Otitis Externa
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The craniodorsal chambers of the heart.
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Atria
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The caudalventral chamber of the heart.
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Ventricle
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Valves that control the opening between the atria and the ventricles (right and left).
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Atrioventricular valves
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Another name for the right Atrioventricular valve.
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Tricuspid valve
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Another name for the left atrioventricular valve. (2)
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mitral or bicuspid valve
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Valve responsible for control of blood between the heart and lungs.
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Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
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Valve responsible for control of blood between the heart and the body.
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Aortic Semilunar Valve
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Arteries typically contain _________ blood.
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Oxygenated
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Veins typically contain ____________ blood.
|
deoxygenated |
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Veins that contains oxygenated blood.
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Pulmonary Vein
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Artery that contains deoxygenated blood.
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Pulmonary Artery
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Carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
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Pulmonary Artery
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Carries blood from the lungs to the heart.
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Pulmonary Vein
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Receives deoxygenated blood from all tissues, except lungs, via the cranial and caudal venae cavae.
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Right Atrium
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Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve.
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Right Ventricle
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Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.
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Left Atrium
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Receives oxygenated blood from the atrium via the mitral/bicuspid valve.
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Left Ventricle
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Oxygenated blood flows from the heart out to the body via the:
|
Aorta
|
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Deoxygenated blood flows into the heart via the cranial and caudal:
|
Venae Cavae
|
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Term meaning contraction, moment of higher pressure.
|
Systole
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Term meaning expansion, moment of lower pressure. |
Diastole
|
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A thick-walled vessel that carries blood high in oxygen content away from the heart to the farthest reaches of the body.
|
Artery
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A thin-walled blood vessel that carries blood that is low in oxygen content from the body back to the heart. |
Vein |
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Single-cell-thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems.
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Capillaries
|
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Diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products happens in these vessels.
|
Capillaries
|
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These vessels carry blood away from the heart.
|
Arteries
|
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These vessels carry blood towards the heart.
|
Veins
|
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An abnormal sound associated with the turbulent flow of blood.
|
Heart Murmur
|
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An abnormal rhythm of the heart.
|
Arrhythmia
|
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Primary vessel used for palpation of pulse?
|
Femoral Artery
|
|
List the three sites for catheterization and blood draws in cats and dogs.
|
Cephalic, Jugular, Saphenous
|
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The most common site for a blood draw is the?
|
Jugular
|
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Liquid portion of the blood with clotting factors present is called? |
Plasma |
|
Liquid portion of the blood without clotting factors present is called? |
Serum |
|
Another name for red blood cells is? |
Erythrocytes |
|
The cells in the blood that are anuclear, biconcave discs responsible for carrying oxygen are called? |
Erythrocytes |
|
Another name for white blood cells is? |
Leukocytes |
|
Cells in the blood that fight disease |
Leukocytes |
|
Polymorphonuclear cells; segmented nucleus. Most common Leukocyte. |
Neutrophil |
|
Granules contain lysosomes that destroy bacteria and viruses which have been engulfed through phagocytosis. |
Neutrophil |
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Red-staining granules in the cytoplasm, segmented nucleus with usually two lobes. |
Eosinophils |
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WBC that regulates inflammatory processes, controls parasite infections, and regulates allergic reactions. |
Eosinophils |
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Blue-staining granules, least often seen, nucleus usually has 2-3 lobes. |
Basophil |
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Contains histamine and heparin, plays a role in initiating inflammation and acute allergic reactions, heparin also acts as a localized anticoagulant. |
Basophil |
|
Largest WBCs, abundant cytoplasm, non-segmented pleomorphic nucleus (pacman). |
Monocyte |
|
Ingest foreign substances, remain at the site longer, phagocytize damaged blood cells or microorganisms in blood. |
Monocyte |
|
No phagocyte capabilities, most reside in lymphoid tissues, circulate between lymphoid tissue and blood |
Lymphocyte |
|
No cytoplasmic granules, non-segmented nucleus, large nucleus, smaller amount of cytoplasm |
Lymphocyte |
|
These 3 WBCs all help with infection: |
Neutrophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes |
|
This WBC helps with allergic reactions and some intestinal parasites |
Eosinophils |
|
This WBC helps with inflammation |
Basophil |
|
Clotting cells in the blood are called? |
Thrombocytes or platelets |
|
A lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system. |
Thymus |
|
Each of a number of small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed. |
Lymph Nodes |
|
Either of two small masses of lymphoid tissue in the throat, one on each side of the root of the tongue. |
Tonsils |
|
Trap germs (bacteria and viruses) which you may breathe in. Proteins called antibodies produced by the immune cells help to kill germs and help to prevent throat and lung infections. |
Tonsils |
|
Acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in this organ, and platelets and white blood cells are stored here. It also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis. |
Spleen |
|
An abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system. |
Spleen |
|
The gaseous exchange between the air and the blood - this occurs within the lungs. |
External respiration |
|
The gaseous exchange between the blood and the tissues - this occurs in the tissues. |
Internal respiration |
|
List in order the parts of the respiratory system encountered in an inhaled breath. |
Nares -> Nasal passages -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> (Epiglottis) -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveolar Duct -> Alveoli |
|
The nostrils are also called what? |
Nares |
|
The channel for airflow through the nose. The walls are coated with respiratory mucous membranes, which contain innumerable tiny hair-like cells that move waves of mucus toward the throat. |
Nasal Passages |
|
The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus and the larynx. |
Pharynx |
|
The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; also called the voice box |
Larynx |
|
Covers the trachea during swallowing and prevents aspiration. |
Epiglottis |
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The large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe. |
Trachea |
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Any of the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the windpipe. |
Bronchi |
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Any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides. |
Bronchioles |
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The part of the respiratory passages beyond the respiratory bronchioles, from which the alveolar sacs and alveoli arise. |
Alveolar Duct |
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Any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. |
Alveoli |
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List the muscles associated with respiration. |
Diaphragm, Internal intercostals, External Intercostals, abdominal muscles |
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The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and cause: |
Inspiration |
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Contraction of the abdominal muscles and the internal intercostal muscles along with relaxation of the diaphragm decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity and cause: |
Expiration |
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A gland (as a salivary gland or part of the pancreas) that releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a canal or duct. |
Exocrine Gland |
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A gland (as the thyroid or the pituitary) that produces an endocrine secretion —called also ductless gland |
Endocrine Gland |
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The major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands. |
Pituitary Gland |
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Excreted by the Anterior Pituitary - Causes rupture of the follicles (ovulation) and development of the corpus luteum |
Luteinising Hormone (LH) |
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Excreted by the Anterior Pituitary - Stimulates development of follicles in the ovary |
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
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Excreted by the Anterior Pituitary - Stimulates development of the mammary glands and secretion of milk |
Prolactin |
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Excreted by the Posterior Pituitary - Stimulates the uterine contractions during parturition; milk 'let down' |
Oxytocin |
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Excreted by the Posterior Pituitary - Acts on the collecting ducts of the kidney and alters permeability to water |
Antidiuretic Hormone |
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List the 3 major hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary. |
Luteninizing Hormone, Follicle-stimulating Hormone, Prolactin |
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List the 2 major hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary. |
Oxytocin, Antidiuretic Hormone |
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An animal that feeds on plants. |
Herbivore |
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An animal that feeds on other animals. |
Carnivore |
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An animal that feeds on plants and other animals. |
Omnivore |
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Organ that filters waste out of the body.
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Kidney |
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Filters blood and produce urine. |
Nephrons |
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Structures that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. |
Ureters |
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Structure that collects, stores, and eliminates urine. |
Bladder |
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Passes urine from bladder through pelvic cavity to exit the body. |
Urethra |
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If activated, this hormone causes the kidneys to increase the amount of water they take up, preventing water from being lost in the urine. |
Antidiuretic Hormone |
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A large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism. |
Thyroid |
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Excreted by the Thyroid - Decreases resorption of calcium from the bones |
Calcitonin |
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Excreted by the Thyroid - Have similar effects, Affect the uptake of O2 by all cells and are essential for normal growth |
Thyroxin (T4) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3) |
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List the 3 major hormones secreted by the Thyroid gland. |
Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronine, Calcitonin |
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Which mineral is important for Thyroid function? |
Iodine |
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Hyperthyroidism is more common in which animal? |
Cats |
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Hypothyroidism is more common in which animal |
Dog |
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Either of two small endocrine glands, one located above each kidney. The outer portion, or cortex, secretes steroid hormones (corticosteroids). The inner portion, or medulla, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
Adrenal Gland |
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List the 3 major hormones excreted by the Adrenal Cortex: |
Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone, Sex Hormones |
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List the 2 major hormones excreted by the Adrenal Medulla: |
Adrenaline (epinephrine), Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) |
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Excreted by the Adrenal Cortex - Raises blood glucose levels; reduces the inflammatory response |
Glucocorticoids |
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Excreted by the Adrenal Cortex - Acts on distal convoluted tubules of the kidney and regulates uptake of sodium and hydrogen ions. |
Aldosterone |
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Excreted by the Adrenal Medulla - Fear, fright, flight syndrome; sympathetic. |
Adrenaline (epinephrine) |
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Excreted by the Adrenal Medulla - Fear, fright, flight syndrome; parasympathetic. |
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) |
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A large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum and the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood. |
Pancreas |
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List the 2 major hormones secreted by the Pancreas. |
Insulin, Glucagon |
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Excreted by the pancreas - Increase uptake of glucose into the cells; stores excess glucose as glycogen in the liver. |
Insulin |
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Excreted by the pancreas - Release of stored glycogen from the liver to be converted into glucose. |
Glucagon |
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Production of stones in the urinary tract is called what? |
Urolithiasis |
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Produce sperm |
Testis |
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Produces semen that helps carry sperm into female reproductive tract. |
Prostate |
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Houses the urethra and consist largely of erectile tissue. |
Penis |
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Sheath of skin surrounding the penis. |
Prepuce |
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Produces eggs in female. |
Ovary |
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Contains developing embryos |
Uterine horns |
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Wall of the uterus. |
Uterine body |
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Muscular sphincter, opens for sperm & fetus. |
Cervix |
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Passage leading from cervix to vulva. |
Vagina |
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External Urethral orifice, marks end of vagina. |
Vulva |
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During this stage of Estrous, follicles Begin developing, output of estrogen from follicle increase lining of oviduct, uterus & vagina thicken. |
Proestrus |
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This stage of Estrous is the period of sexual receptivity in the female, ovulation occurs. |
Estrus |
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During this stage of Estrous females still attract males, but no longer allow mating. |
Metestrus |
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During this stage of Estrous the Corpus luteum is is fully formed and large amounts of progesterone are produced. |
Diestrus |
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This stage of Estrous is marked by temporary ovarian inactivity. |
Anestrus |
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Gestation in cats last for how many months? |
2 |
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Gestation in dogs last for how many months? |
2 |
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Gestation in horses last for how many months? |
9 |
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Gestation in cattle last for how many months? |
11 |
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The action of giving birth to young is called |
Parturition |
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Parturition in cats is called? |
Queening |
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Parturition in dogs is called? |
Whelping |
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Parturition in horses is called? |
Foaling |
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Parturition in cattle is called? |
calving |
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The term for difficulty giving birth is? |
Dystocia |
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The term for the surgical removal of testis is? |
Orchiectomy |
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The term for the surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries is? |
Ovariohysterectomy |
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Carries externally to the abdominal cavity by male mammals, secretes Testosterone and Oestrogen.
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Testis
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Female mammals have two, they lie on each side of the abdominal cavity caudal to the kidneys.
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ovaries
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List the two hormones secreted by the testes.
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Testosterone, Oestrogen
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List the two hormones secreted by the ovaries.
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Oestrogen, Progesterone
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Secreted by the testis, Responsible for male characteristics and behavior; and sperm development
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Testosterone
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Produced by the walls of the developing ovarian follicles and in Small amounts by the testes - Responsible for signs of oestrus and preparation of the reproductive tract and external genitalia for coitus.
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Oestrogen (estrogen)
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Excreted by the corpus luteum of the ovaries - Responsible for preparation of reproductive tract for pregnancy, development of mammary glands, and maintaining pregnancy
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Progesterone
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Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Cat
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Carnivore
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Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Dog
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Carnivore
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Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Cow
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Herbivore
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Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Horse
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Herbivore
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Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Goat
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Herbivore
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Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Pig
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Omnivore
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Animals with one true or glandular stomach are considered to be?
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Monogastric
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Type of stomach that produces secretions for digestion.
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Glandular Stomach
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Animals that have one glandular or "true" stomach AND three forestomachs are considered to be?
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Ruminants
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List the four chambers of the ruminant stomach in order of digestion.
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Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum
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Most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach; lined with a mucous membrane that contains numerous intersecting ridges.
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Reticulum
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Largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat.
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Rumen
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Third compartment of the ruminant stomach; has short blunt papillae that grind food before it enters the abomasum.
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Omasum
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Omasal contractions also do what?
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squeeze fluid out of the food bolus
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Term that means "belching".
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Eructation
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To surge or rush back, as liquids, gases,undigested food, etc.
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Regurgitation
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Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Dog
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monogastric
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Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Cat
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Monogastric
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Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Cow
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Ruminant
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Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Horse
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non-ruminant hind-gut fermenter
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Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Goat
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Ruminant
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Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Cow
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Ruminant
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Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Pig
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Monogastric
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Use a well developed cecum as the primary site of food break down.
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non-ruminant hind-gut fermenter
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Dental directional term meaning towards the cheek: |
Buccal
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Dental directional term meaning towards the tongue:
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Lingual
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Dental directional term meaning towards the palate:
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Palatal
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Dental directional term meaning towards the lips:
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Labial
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Dental directional term meaning towards the midline:
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mesial
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Dental directional term meaning away from the midline:
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distal
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Carnivore, Omnivore, or Herbivore : Have pointed canines and incisors for obtaining and tearing flesh.
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Carnivore
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Carnivore, Omnivore, or Herbivore : Have flat teeth adapted to biting off plant material and grinding food into smaller pieces.
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Herbivore
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Carnivore, Omnivore, or Herbivore : Have both sharp and flat teeth adapted for eating a variety of foods.
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Omnivore
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List the parts of the GI tract in order of ingestion/digestion.
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Oral cavity -> Pharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) -> Cecum -> Large Intestine (colon, rectum) -> Anus
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