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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the effect of the Crimean War on Russia
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Russia realized that they needed to get railroads, better armaments, and reorganization of the army-along with massive peasant revolts
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What happened to the serfs in Russia in 1861
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They wre freed and human bondage was abolished forever-but they still had to pay high wages for their land-however still left Russia agrarian
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What was the zemstvo
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in Russia in 1864 the government's new institution of local government-the members of tis assembly were elected by a three classs syste mf otwosn, pasant villages, and noble landowners-dealt with local problems
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What did liberals hope the zemstvo would lead to, were their hopes met
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Hoped it would lead to a national parliament-but the zemstvo remianed subordinate to bureaucracy and the local nobility
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What was one of the more successful reforms of RUSSIA
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Reforms of the legal system establishing independent courst and equality, education and policies toward Russia Jews were liberalized, and censorship was relaxed
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Describe the first industrial surge that transformed industry and transport in Russia
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First came after 1860 where the government encouraged and subsdized private railway companies whihc enabled Russia to export grain and earn moeny for further industrailization=especially in MOscow and St. Petersburg, this led to a strenghtend miltary and territorial expansion-led to spread of Marxian/
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What happened to Alexander II in 1881
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Alexander II was assanitated by small group of terrorists
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Describe Alexander III
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He was the new tsar after Alexander II who was a determined reactionary-he ended the era of reform in Russia, and Russia experienced hard times in the 1880's
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Who was Sergei Witte
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He led the economic modernization of the 1890's-he was a tough, competent minister of finance from 1892-1903, he bleieved that the agrarian lifestyle was leading Russia into being backwards and threatened Russia's power and greatness [followed Freidrich List's idea]
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What did Sergei Witte establish
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He established logn railways from Moscow to Vladivostok and he created a high protective tariff-he also used foreigners to create big factories, this was very successful in Southern Russia
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What industry triumphed in Southern Russia
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Steel
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In 1905 who was Russia defated by
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The Japanese who were angry because their diplomatic protests were ignored
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What was some of the political upheaval after the defeat of Russia by Japan
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The business and professional class wanted to make a liberal, representative reegiem, factory workers created illegal labor movements, and peasants suffered from poverty and overcrowding, along with national feeligns in the numerous diverse ethnicties in Russia
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Which countries in Russia had the strongest national feeligns
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Poland and Ukraine
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Describe the REvolution of 1905
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While the Russian army was pinned in Manchuria, the revolution began in January 1905 where workers planed to lead a peaceful petition of the tsar led by Father Gapon-suddenly troops started to fire and attack hundreds leading to the Bloody Sunday Massacre-soon political parties came out into the open and strikes, peasant uprisingsn, and revolts began, and troops were sweeping the country-then a strike began in October 1905
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What was the Bloody Sunday
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The Bloody Sunday aws when troops opened fire and killed hundreds of protestors who were protesting at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg-leading ordinary workers to be against the tsar
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What was the October Manifesto
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The tsar issued this manifesto to grant full civil rights and promisted a popularly elected duma [parliament] with real legislative power
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What did the new constitution in Russia, or the Fundamental Laws entitle
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The tsar still retained great powers, the Duma was elected by male suffrage, and a largely appointed upper house could debae and apss laws, but tsar had absoltue power-the emperor appointed his ministers
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How did the middle classs liberals see the Fundamental Laws
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As a step backwards-they started to lose cooperation with the tsar's minister and the tsar dismissed the Duma
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Describe the second Duma of 1807
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They were far more radical then the first Duma and the tsar dismissed the second Duma
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After Nicholas II had dismissed the second Duma what did he do
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Rewrite the electoral law to icnrease the weight of the proertied classes at the expense of workers, peasants, and national minorities
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Who was Peter Stolypin and what did he do
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He ws the tough, energetic chief minister of Russia from around 1907 who pushed through important agrarian reforms to break down collective village ownership of land and encourage the more enterprising peasants
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Why after 1871 did many ordinary people feel loyalty to their government
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More people could vote because of male suffrage and slowly the women's movbement to vote began to spread, national parliaments also represented the people more responsibely, government also passed laws to alleviate general problems
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What was the negative of strong nation building
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Government could manipulate the national feelign to create a sense of unity and divert attention away from class conflicts
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Describe the new German Empire after 1871
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Federal union of Prussia and 24 smaller states
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What was the Reichstag
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In the new German empire it was the popularly elected lower house
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What was Kulturkampf
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Meaing struggle for civilization it was Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church-it was caused by the National Liberals and Bismark's concern of Pisu IXs declaration of papal infallibility-which said that German Catholics should put loyalty of church over state-however only in Prussia did the Kulturkampf actually have some success
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In Germany what was the Catholic Center Party
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Party which blocked passage of national laws hostile to teh church
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The alliance of the Catholic Church and Bismarck were economic, expalin whyu
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There was a worldwide financial crash in 1873 which hurt the mostly Catholic peasants who wanted to create high tariffs to protect the peasants,
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Which three groups supported high tariffs
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Junkers, iron and steel magnates of Prussian Rhineland and Westphalia, and the Center Party of Catholics and Conservative party of Prussian landholds
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What did increased tariffs lead to
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Internatinal name-callign and nasty trade wars
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Why did Bismarck try to stop the growth of socialism in Germany
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He feared their revolutionry language and allegiance to a omvement transcednign the nation-state
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In 1878 after two attempts on the life of William I by raidcals Bismarck tried to do what through the Reichstag
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Create a law that strictly controlled socialist meetings nad npublications and outalwed the Social Democratic party
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What were some of the laws that Bismarck established to help the working class people
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Social security laws, 1883 and 1884 created laws for national sickness and accidnet insurance, law of 1889 made old age pensions and retirement benefits, national social security system
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Describe William II
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in 1890 he was the new emperor, he was young idealitic and unstable
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What did William II oppose
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Bismarcks attempt to renew the law outlawing the Social Democratic Party
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What did Willaim II force Bismarck to do
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Resign
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What happened after William II dropped Bismarck
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German foreign policy changed to the worse but the government did pass new laws to aid workers and to legalize socialist political activityq
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Describe the socialists in Germany during the rule of William II
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THey were far less radical then earlier, but had started to gain power in the Reichstag in the 1890's and were the largest single party in the Reichstag
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What was one of the divides after France's loss in 1872
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There were the patriotic republicans who proclaimed the Third Republic of Paris and the conservatives
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What was the Paris Commune
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Proclaimed by the tramatized Parisians it was vaguely radical the leaders wanted to govern Paris without interference of the conservative French countryside-were crushed by Adolphe Theirs
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How were the French able to form a new national unity before 1914
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Luck, the monarchists couldnt agree who should be king, the public were afraid of a conservative Third Republic, also the moderate republican leaders were skilled and determined
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Who was Leon Gambetta
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Son of an Italian grocer he as a warm, easygoign unsuccesful lawyer who was a professional politican-he was eloquent and personal and preached a republic of equal opportunity
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Wat did Gambetta help establish between 1877-1879
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Parliamentary supremacy-forcing Marshall MacMohon who was the somewhat autocratic president of the Republic to resign
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Who was Jules Ferry7
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Helped the moderate repbulicans of small twons and villages pass laws beteen 1879-1886 to create free compulsory education for both girls and boys, expanded teh state system of public tax supported schools
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Why did France insist on hiring female teachers who were married
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1] Married female teachers differed then the celibate nuns
2] Married women and men could cope better with the potential loneliness and social isolation of unfamiliar towns 3] French politicans and opinion leaders worried about low birthrates |
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During the 1880's what helped ease the tension between church aand state
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The limited acceptance ofhte modern world by the more libral Pope Leo XIII
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What was the Dreyfus Affair
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The Dreyfus affiar was when Alfred Dreyfus who was a Jewish captain of the French army was falsely accused and convicted of treason-his family never doubted his nnocence and fought to reopen
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Describe the two sides of the Dreyfu affair in 1898 and 1899
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One side waas the army, anti-Semites, and the Cathlic establishment against the civil libertarians and the radical republicans
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What was the effect of Dreyfus being declared innocent
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There was a revival in Republican feelign against the church and between 1901 and 1905 the government sevred all ties between the tate and the Catholic Church-salaries of priests and bishops werent paid by the government and churchs were given to local committes of lay catholics, Catholic Schoolswere financially independent
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Who was John Stuart Mill
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John Sutart Mill wrote On Liverty which probed the problem of how to protect the rights of indviduals and minorities in the emerging age of masss elecotral participation-bleieved in safeguarding indivdual differences
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In 1867 what did Benjamin Disreali and hte Conservatives do
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Extend the rihgt to vote to all middle class males and hte best apid workers
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In 1906 the Lords vetoed the Peoples Budget, whcih was what
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Designed to increase spending on social welfare services
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What years and why were the Welfare Bills passed suddenly in Great Britain
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Conservatives fell under public demand and from 1906-1914
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Who was David Lloyd George
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He was a fireryu Welshmen who inspired the Liberal Party to raise taxes on the rich which helped the government pay for national helath insurance, unemployment benefits, pensions, and other social measures
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Describe Ireland's strife with England
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THe Irish famine fueled Irish revolution-the English slowly granted concessions such as the right for Irish peasants and abolishment of privileges for Anglican Church
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What did William Gladstone try to do
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He was the liberal prime minister who tried to give Ireland self government in 1885 and 1893-however his bills failed to pass
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What did Irish nationalists do
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THey supported the LIberals in their battle for the People's Budget and recieved a home bill for Ireland
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Describe the two groups of people in Ireland
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The Cathoics who lived in southern counties and wanted home rule and the Irish Protestant of the norhter counties who opposed it
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Why did the Irish Protestants not want home rule [home rule is the granting of independence of Ireland]
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They didnt want to live under a Catholic Ireland
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What was the compromise home rule bill of 1914
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Made by the liberals it was a home rull bill that didnt apply to the northern counties-however was rejecteed and the original home rule bill was passed but suspended for the duration of the hostilities
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Which country became independnet from Sweden
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Norway which became indepedndent nation in 1905
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What did the Magyar natinalism in 1849 cause
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Hungarian partiorts to declare an independnet Hungarian republic which was destroyed by Russian and Austrian armies
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After Ausstrias's defeat by Prussia what compromise did it make
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Formed a dual monarchy where teh empire was divided in two: nationalistic Magyars gained virtual indpendnece from Hungary
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What did the 1/3 ethnic Germans begin to believe
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They were threatened by theCzechs, Poles, and other Slavs
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What did the Magyar nobility in 1867 do
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Restore the constitution of 1848 and use it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry and minority popultion-only wealthies 1/4 of males could vote, laws promoted use of Hungarian in schools and government, the nationalism in Austro-Hungarian emprie weakened it
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Beginning in France in 1791 what happened to the Jews
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They gradually gained their civil rights
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In 1871 the constitution of the new German empire consolidate the process of Jewish emancipation in central Europe doing what
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Abolished restriction on Jewish marriage, choice of occpation, place of residence, and property ownership-however exclusion from government employment and social relations remained
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When did anti-Semitism begin to reappear
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After the stock market crash of 1873
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What was the cause of much anti semitism
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The resentment of Jewish achievemtn and fincail control along with the claim of tryign to get a 'clean race'
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What did Theodor Hetzel do
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He was a Jewish man who was influential in trying to create Zionism and create a Jewish state to give the Jewish people respect
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Who was Karl Leguer
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The popular mayor of Vienna wh ofrom 1897 to 1910 compbined fierece anti Semitic rhetoric with unicipal ownership of basic rights and appealed especially to German speaking lower middle class
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What happened in Russia to the Jews from 1881-1882
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Most of Russia blamed the Jews for their problems and the Jews were looted and killed
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Name some of the socilaist parties around Europe
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German Social Democratic Party, Russian Soical Democratic Party, Paris Commune and later the French Section of the WOrkers Internatinal
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What was the International Working Men's Association
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It was the First Innternatinal of Socialists which spread scientific doctrines of inevitable socialist revolution-created by Marx-collapsed because of Marx's radical ideas
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What was the Second International Working Men's Associatiosn
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Federation of national socilaist parties whch met to interpret Marxian doctriens and plan coordinated action-fell apart in 1914
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What was May I
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Wass May Day which was declared an annual international one day stricke-day of marches and demonstrations
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Was socialism really radical?
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Not particularly mainly soicalists believed in gradual changes-less inclined to follow radical programs
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Why were many socialist workers less inclined to follow radical programs
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Workres gained the right to vote and to participate politically in the nation staet, they could form unions, and standard of living increased
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What did Germany, who was the most industrialized, socialized and unioniezed country by 1914, unions consist of
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Focused on wages, horus, working conditions, rather then socialists doctrine
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Whast was Revisionism
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That most awful of sins in the eyes of militant Marxists in the twentieth century-was an effort by various Socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time
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Who was Edward Benstein
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Soiclaist who argued in his Evolutionary Soicliams that Marx's predictions of ever greatter poverty for workers and ever greate concentrations of wealth in ever fewer hands had been proved falase-he believed socialists should reform their doctrines and tactics-win gradual evolutioanry gains for workers through legislation, unions, and economic development
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Who was Jean Jaures
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Was a great soicalist leader who repudiated revisionist doctrines in order to estbalish a unified socialist party-he was a gradualist and optimist secular humanist
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