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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Jacob Burckhardt
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-19th century swiss historian
-argued Renaissance made new secular/scientific values -criticized for being overly exaggerative |
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Renaissance
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-growing national consciousness, political centralization
-urban economy based on organized commerce/capitalism -growing lay/secular control over thought, culture and religion |
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Giovanni Boccaccio
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-Decameron:exposed sexual/economic misconduct; sympathetic look at human nature
-assembled encyclopedia of Greek/Roman mythology |
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Florence social classes
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-Grandi: old rich
-popolo grosso: newly rich -popolo minuto: low wealthy -pauper: poor |
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Ciompi Revolt
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-1378
-caused by feuding between wealthy, anarchy caused by Black Death, collapse of Bardi and Peruzzi bank houses -chaotic four year reign by lower class |
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Cosimo de' Medici
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-wealthiest Florentine/natural statesman
-worked behind the scenes:controlled constitution/elections -created loyalty in the Signoria through relations with electors |
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Lorenzo the Magnificent
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-grandson of Cosimo de' Medici
-totalitarian fashion of rule -became cautious from brother's assassination |
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Despots
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-known as podestá
-hired strongmen -maintained law/order by whatever means -held military, executive, and judicial authority -subject to dismissal by oligarchies -popular object of assassination |
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Condottieri
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-military brokers
-provided despots with mercenaries |
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Humanism
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-study of Latin/Greek classics and church fathers
-hopes of reviving ancient norms and values |
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Studia Humanitatis
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-liberal arts program of study
-grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy |
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Leonardo Bruni
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-gave the name 'humanitatis' to learning from such scholarly pursuits
-star student of Manuel Chrysoloras |
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Manuel Chrysoloras
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-introduced Greek scholarship to Greek humanists by teaching in Florence
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Humanists
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-orators/poets
-wrote in classical/vernacular languages -inspired by discovered works of ancients -taught rhetoric in universities |
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Petrarch
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-1304-1374
-father of humanism -left legal profession to pursue letters and poetry -mostly lived in Avignon -involved in revolt in Rome -served Visconti family in Milan -letters of the Ancient Dead: celebrated ancient Rome -Africa: tribute to Scipio Africanus -lives of Illustrious Men: biographies of famous Roman men |
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Dante
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-1265-1321
-Vita Nuova/Divine Comedy: fromed cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature |
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Castiglione
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-Book of the Courtier: practical guide to be an ideal noble
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Platonism
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-flattering view of human nature
-distinguished between sphere of being and perishable world |
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Pico della Mirandola
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-Oration on the Dignity of Man: humans could be whatever they chose/has unlimited potential
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Lorenzo Valla
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-educated in Latin/Greek
-devote Christian -Elegances of the Latin Language -made standard Latin for learning -proved donation of Constantine to pope was fraud -textual criticism |
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Civic Humanism
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-education should promote individual virtue and public service
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Chiaroscuro
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-use of shading to enhance naturalness
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Giotto
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-father of Renaissance painting
-admired St. Francis of Assisi |
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Leonardo da Vinci
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-master of many skills
-showed Renaissance ideal of the universal person -advised Italian princes and Francis I on military engineering -dissected corpses for anatomy -foresaw many modern creations |
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Raphael
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-kind/sensitive
-tender madonnas/fresco in Vatican -The School of Athens |
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Michelangelo
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-depressed all the time
-sculpted David -Sistine frescos -later works are different -started mannerism -always worried about $$$ |
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mannerism
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-putting feeling into art
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Treaty of Lodi
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-1454~1455
-allied Milan+Naples+Florence vs. Venice+Papal States -could unite to fight foreign enemies |
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Ludovico il Moro
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-despot of Milan
-went to France for help after being threatened by Naples,Florence,Pope Alexander VI |
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diplomacy
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-made by small city-states
-spread during Italian wars -interests of state above all else |
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Machiavelli
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-Florentine~diplomat
-surprised when Italy was attacked -wanted Italy to be orderly and politically strong in Europe -The Prince (1513) -supported dictatorship -better feared than loved |
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Johannes Gutenburg
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-German
-invented printing press with moveable type -cheaper books -created smarter society |
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new monarch
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-tried to get power by taking away from nobles
-needed power over clergy -made middle-class army and loyal officials, not lords, to important gov't positions -strengthen borders/show military strength -England,Spain,France,Portugal |
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Henry VII
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-first Tudor king of England
-lived from land income/traditional fees than taxes -avoided wars -liked by the people~strengthened rules and monarchy |
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Court of Star Chamber
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-made by Edward II
-used by Henry VII -good way to control nobles -got rid of nobles' intimidation by putting in king's judges/councilors |
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Marriage of Ferdinand+Isabella
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-unified Spain
-nobles replaced by educated middle class~only monarchy held power -Spanish Inquisition~drove off Muslims/Jews -Spanish=Catholic |
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Wycliffe & Huss
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-Oxford theologian
-wanted poor clergy -clergy should receive accolades by merit -condemned by pope -preaching in vernacular/no indulgences -ideas led by Huss in Bohemia~caused religious revolts |
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Renaissance Popes
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-thought worldly issues more important
-involved in wars/politics -appointed family members to be cardinals -patrons of culture |
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Charles VIII
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-VALOIS DYNASTY
-attacked Italy in 1494 -forced out -made great debts -brought Italian humanists to France through attacks |
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Louis XII
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-VALOIS DYNASTY
-attacked Italy, captured Milan -Father of the people -reformed judicial system/reduced taxes |
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Francis I
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-first French Renaissance king
-patron of arts -man of letters -liked humanism -introduced Italian architecture to France |
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Henry II
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-VALOIS DYNASTY
-married Catherine de Medici -started Habsburg-Valois war against Charles V -wanted to get into Italy but denied -died at son's wedding |
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Charles IX
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-son of Henry II
-VALOIS DYNASTY -oversaw St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre -strongly influenced by mom/Guise family |
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Henry III
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-VALOIS DYNASTY
-son of Henry II -dealt with Huguenots/Catholics -killed duke of Guise -forced to work with Henry with Navarre (protestant) against Catholics -killed by monk |
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Henry IV
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-BOURBON DYNASTY
-brother in law of Henry III -Huguenot leader -converted to Catholicism -Edict of Nantes -popular -planted seed for absolutism in France |
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Henry VII
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-TUDOR FAMILY
-wins War of the Roses -strengthens own power/gov't~weakened nobles -Court of the Star Chamber (quick justice) |
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Henry VIII
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-defender of the faith
-wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon -made Church of England (Anglican Faith) -very catholic protestantism |
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Edward VI
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-heir to Henry VIII
-makes England protestant -Archbishop Cranmer introduced Book of Common Prayer |
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Mary I (BLOODY MARY)
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-Edward VI's half sister
-Catholic -married Philip II (England hated foreigners) -persecuted/killed Protestants -weakened England through economic down-turn |
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Elizabeth I
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-heir to Mary I
-last of the TUDORS -39 articles -compromised Anglicans and others -strongest female monarch in Europe to date |
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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-joined Castile and León with Aragon
-Inquisition to unify Spain -started expeditions to spread Catholicism and gain power |
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Charles I (Charles V)
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-first HABSBURG
-first ruler of a unified Spain -more Austrian in language/custom -more HRE than king -son of Ferdinand/Isabella |
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Philip II
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-HABSBURG
-ruled Spain,Portugal,Netherlands,Italian provinces, New World colonies -ardent Catholic-more Spanish than dad -loss of Spanish Armada in 1588 |
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Donatello
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-most influential Renaissance artist before Michelangelo
-revived figure of nude body -David~first nude statue |
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Marks of Italian Renaissance Architecture
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-classic order of columns
-domes -arches -balance/symmetry -dominated churches,chapels,landed estates,gov't buildings |
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Filippo Brunelleschi
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-great Italian architect
-Dome of Florence Cathedral |
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Massaccio
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-first painter that started modern era of painting through scientific perspective
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Sir Thomas More
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-English
-Utopia~"social equality" -private property=corruption -man can be reformed -introduced humanism to England -killed by not recognizing Henry VIII as head of England Church |
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Erasmus
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-Dutch
-criticized Church -wanted simpler faith -fine with Church doctrine -In Praise of Folly~makes fun of/criticizes the Church -supported education, wrote in Latin,Greek, and vernacular -1516~published first NT in Greek -humanist/priest -saved religious education from Scholastics through reason |
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Shakespeare
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-not religious
-set standard for English language |
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Renaissance Art outside of Italy
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-more attached to Gothic/Middle Ages
-less patrons~less centers of commerce -illustrated manuscripts over paintings -Italians motivated by humanism -others by religious reform -distance from Rome~secular art/everyday scenes -look of painting over perspective/anatomy |
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Jan Van Eyck
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-Flemish
-well paid -patron of Duke Philip of Burgundy |
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Albrecht Dürer
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-German
-famous for metal/wood engravings |
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Rembrandt
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-greatest Dutch painter
-famous for using realism/light and shading -painted religious/everyday objects |
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Dutch Society
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-toleration of religion/freedom
-very Protestant -emphasized hard work -wealthy -center of trade/banking |
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Pieter Bruegel
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-Flemish
-painted peasants/everyday life -not poor -"Peasant Pieter" |