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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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brain weight?
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3-3.5lbs
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Rostral
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toward the nose
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Caudal
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toward the tail
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83% of brain volume is which region?
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cerebrum
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50% of the neurons are contained in which brain region?
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cerebellum
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longitudinal fissure
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divides two hemispheres
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central sulcus
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between frontal & parietal lobe
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the cortex is what?
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surface layer of gray matter
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the nuclei of the brain is what?
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deeper masses of gray matter
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tracts in the brain are made up of what?
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bundles of axons (white matter)
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What is gray matter & where is it?
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* neuron cell bodies, dendrites, synapses
* cerebellum and cerebral cortex * brain nuclei |
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What is white matter & where is it?
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* bundles of axons
* tracts that connect parts of brain |
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* outer periosteal layer against bone
* inner meningeal layer * subdural space between dura mater & arachnoid mater |
sublayers of the dura mater
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dural venous sinus
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formed where inner meningeal layer separated from outer - where blood pools & drains from brain
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falx cerebri
falx cerebelli tentorium cerebelli |
3 supportive structures dura mater forms
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order of 3 brain meninges
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1. dura mater (tough, outer)
2. arachnoid mater ( filamentous layer) 3. pia mater (thin, vascular, adherent to contours of brain) |
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Meningitis
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* inflammation of meninges
* bacterial or viral by way of nose/throat * sympts = fever, stiff neck, drowsy, headache, coma(?) * diagnosis = CSF (spinal tap) |
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Where is a spinal tap pulled from?
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subarachnoid space
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Lateral ventricles
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* 2 total - 1 inside each hemisphere
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Third ventricle
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single ventricle under CORPUS CALLOSUM
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Cerebral ventricle (aqueduct)
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runs through midbrain
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Fourth ventricle
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small chamber between PONS & CEREBELLUM
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Central canal
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runs down thru s.cord
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Ependymal cells
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line ventricles
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Choroid plexus
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* produces/filters CSF
* contained within ventricles * made up of capillaries |
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Where is the majority of CSF
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ventricles, canals & subarachnoid space
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How much CSF is produced & absorbed per day?
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500ml
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Chemical components of CSF
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More Na & Cl than plasma, but less K & Ca
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Functions of CSF (3)
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* bouyancy
* protection * chemical stability |
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Which ventricle does the CSF go thru to surround the brain?
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4th
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Arachnoid Villi
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finger like projections in venous sinus for absorption of CSF
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The tightly joined edothelium of the membranes are most permeable to what type of materials?
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lipid-soluble (non-polar)
(alcohol, O2, CO2, nicotine & anesthetics) |
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Circumventricular organs of 3rd & 4th ventricles....
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breaks in blood-brain barrier where blood has direct access
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Purpose of Circumventricular Organs?
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* monitoring of glucose, pH, osmolarity & other variations
* route for viruses to invade brain (HIV) |
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Blood-brain barrier at choroid plexus is what type of cells?
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ependymal cells joined by tight junctions
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Regions included in the hindbrain (3)
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* Medulla oblongata
* Pons * Cerebellum |
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Regions included in the brainstem (3)
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* Medulla oblongata
* Pons * Midbrain |
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Medulla Oblongata (3 basic facts)
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* 3cm extension of s.cord
* ascending/descending nerve tracts * nuclei of sensory & motor CNs (IX,X,XI,XII) |
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Cranial nerves associated with the medulla oblongata
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(9-12)
IX glossopharyngeal X vagus XI accessory XII hypoglossal |
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pyramids and olive are visible on the surface of what feature of the brain?
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medulla oblongata
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4 things the medulla oblongata regulates
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* cardiac - rate & force of heart
* vasomotor - adjusts blood vessel diameter * respiratory - rate & depth of breathing * reflex for things like sneezing, coughing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating, movements of tongue & head |
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The pons contains ascending ____ and descending _____ tracts, which are pathways in/out of ______.
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ascending sensory
descending motor cerebellum |
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Nuclei concerned with sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movement, facial expression, facial sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder & posture are all located in the _____.
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pons
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cranial nerves associated with the pons
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V trigeminal
VI abducens VII facial VIII vestibulocochlear |
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vermis
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connects R & L hemispheres of CEREBELLUM
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folia
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parallel gray matter surface folds of the cerebellum
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All output from the cerebellum comes from ______ grey nuclei.
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deep
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cerebellar peduncles
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connect cerebellum to brainstem
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arbor vitae
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white matter of cerebellum
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Center for evaluation of sensory input -
* coordination & locomotor ability * spacial perception |
cerebellum
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Center for timekeeping & predicting the movement of objects
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cerebellum
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Center for distinguishing pitch & similar sounding words
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cerebellum
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Center for planning & scheduling tasks
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cerebellum
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4 main functions of the cerebellum:
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* evaluation of sensory input (coord, locomotor, spacial percep)
* timekeeping & predicting object movement * distiguishing pitch & similar sounding words * planning & scheduling tasks |
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Tegmentum of mesencephalon (midbrain) ....
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connects to cerebellum and helps control fine movements thru red nucleus
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Substantia Nigra of mesencephalon...
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sends inhibitory signals to basal ganglia & thalamus
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Degeneration of the substantia nigra leads to ....
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tremors & Parkinsons disease
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Central gray matter of the mesencephalon processes...
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pain awareness
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Tectum of the Corpora Quadrigemina
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Superior & inferior colliculus
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tracking moving objects, blinking pupillary & head turning reflexes is processed by the ....
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superior colliculus
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the reflex of turning the head in response to sound is processed by...
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inferior colliculus
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Your instructor throws a a ball into the air & automatically your eyes follow it...what area of the brain is tracking it?
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superior colliculus
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where/what is the Reticular Activating System
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Clusters of gray matter throughout pons, midbrain & medulla
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duties of the Reticular Activating System
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PROCESSES (BSPH C DAP):
* balance & posture * sleep & conscious attention * pattern/gaze generators * habituation (ignoring useless stimuli) HOUSES * cardiac & vasomotor centers * origins of descending analgesic pathways (for pain modulation) Damage = irreversible coma |
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The cardiac & vasomotor centers are located in what area of the medulla?
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Reticular Activating system
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The origins of the descending analgesic pathways (for pain modulation) are located in the....
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Reticular Activating System
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The diencephalon includes what 3 parts?
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus Epithalamus |
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What part of the diencephalon accounts for 4/5ths of it's area, includes 23+ nuclei and has 1 part on each side of the brain?
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thalamus
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4 points about the thalamus
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* receives nearly all sensory info on it's way to cerebral cortex
* relays signals from cerebellum to motor cortex regions of cerebrum * processes emotional & memory functions (limbic system) * oval mass that protrudes into lateral & 3rd ventricles |
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Limbic system
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In the thalamus, processes emotional/memory functions
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Functions of the hypothalamus
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(HAFT C ME)
* hormone secretion (controls endocrine system) * autonomic NS control * food & water intake * thermoregulation * circadian rhythyms * memory * emotional behavior |
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Located along the walls & floor of the 3rd ventricle
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hypothalamus
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Part of hypothalamus that controls memory
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mammillary bodies
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Epithalamus (ie - pineal gland) secretes....
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seratonin (happy hormone/neurotrans)
melatonin (circadian rhythms, sleepy) * connected to limbic system via the habenula |
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Habenula
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part of the epithalamus that connects limbic system to midbrain
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3mm layer of gray matter w/ folds to increase surface area of cerebrum
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cerebral cortex
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Lobes are divisions of what specifically?
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cerebral cortex
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Functions of frontal lobe
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(MS VPJ)
* mood * smell * voluntary motor functions * planning * social judgment |
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Functions of parietal lobe
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receives & integrates sensory info
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Functions of occipital lobe
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visual center of brain
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Functions of temporal lobe
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* smell
* hearing * learning * emotional behavior * memory |
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Types of tracts of cerebral white matter (3)
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* PROJECTION - brain to s. cord
* COMMISSURAL - cross to opposite hemisphere (corpus callosum & anterior/posterior commissures) * ASSOCIATION - connect lobes & gyri within a hemisphere |
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Basal nuclei
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* receive input from sustantia nigera & motor cortex
* motor control & inhibition of tremors * gray matter masses deep to cerebral cortex |
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Amygdala & Hippocampus are two parts of what system
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limbic system
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Amygdala is important for...
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emotions
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Hippocampus is important for...
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forming memories
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Loop of cortical structures surrounding deep brain? Includes the amygdala, hippocampus, fornix & cingulate gyrus.
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Limbic system
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Electroencephalogram records voltage changes from....
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postsynaptic potentials in cerebral cortex
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Brain waves are classified by their difference in ....
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amplitude & frequency
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4 types of brain waves
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* alpha (awake & resting w/ eyes closed)
* beta (eyes performing tasks) * theta (sleep or emotional stress) * delta (deep sleep) |
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Sleep paralysis =
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inhibition of muscular activity
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as the...
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biological clock to set circadian rhythm
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The hypothalamus, reticular formation, thalamus & cerebral cortex together control....
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sleep
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Restorative effects of sleep (2)
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* brain glycogen levels increase
* memories strengthened (connections reinforced or eliminated) |
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4 stages of non-REM sleep
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stage 1: drifting sensations (would not claim to be asleep)
stage 2: still easily aroused stage 3:vital signs change (BP, pulse, breathing rate drops) 20min stage 4: deep sleep |
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Do all 4 stages of non-REM sleep have restorative effects?
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yes
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REM sleep
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* vital signs increase, EEG resembles awake person
* may help sort/strength memory info * dreams & penile erections * happens about 5 times a night |
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REM sleep periods become ____ and ____ frequent in second half of night.
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longer
more |
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______ includes the mental processes of awareness, perception, thinking, knowledge & memory
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cognition
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Areas related to cognition include __% of the brain
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75
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Contralateral neglect syndrome (is what & is caused by what)
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* parietal lobe lesion
* unware of objects or limbs on 1 side of body |
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Agnosia (is what & is caused by what)
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* temporal lobe lesion
* inability to recognize common objects |
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Prosopagnosia (is what & is caused by what)
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* temporal lobe lesion
* inability to recognize faces - people seen with blurred out faces |
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Problems/changes in the personality and inability to plan/execute appropriate behavior is caused by lesions to what lobe
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frontal
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Memory information management requires learning, memory & ___
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forgetting (eliminating the trivial)
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Pathological inability to forget can lead to trouble with ___ ___
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reading comprehension
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Anterograde amnesia
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can't store new data (hippocampus damage)
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Retrograde amnesia
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can't remember old data
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The _____ is an important region for organizing sensory & cognitive information into memory.
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Hippocampus (lesions cause inability to form new memories)
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The ____ helps learn motor skills
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Cerebellum
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The _____ is important in emotional memory.
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amygdala
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The prefrontal cortex controls how ..... and is known as the seat of judgement.
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emotions are expressed.
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Emotions form in the ____ & ______.
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Hippocampus & amygdala
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Behavior is learned by ____, _____ and _____ of others.
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rewards
punishments responses of others |
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Somesthetic Sensation (sensations from the body)
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* somatosensory area is postcentral gyrus
* receptors throughout body * touch, pain, pressure, stretch, movement, heat, cold |
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Somatosensory area is the ___ ___
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postcentral gyrus
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Sensory Homunculus
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Drawing that demonstrates that the area of the cortex dedicated to the sensations of various body parts is proportional to how sensitive that body part is
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Functional regions of the ____ _____:
* special senses * sensory association areas * motor control * motor homunculus (language) * language centers (aphasia) |
cerebral cortex
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Locations for the special senses:
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* TASTE - lower end of postcentral gyrus
* SMELL - medial temporal lobe & inferior frontal lobe * VISION - occipital lobe * HEARING - superior temporal lobe * EQUILIBRIUM - cerebellum & unknown areas of c.cortex via thalamus |
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Somesthetic association area
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* parietal lobe
* position of limbs, location of touch/pain, shape/weight/texture of object |
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Visual association area
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* occipital lobe
* identifying objects * faces are recognized in the TEMPORAL lobe |
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Auditory association area
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* temporal lobe
* remember the name of a piece of music or identify a person by voice |
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3 Sensory Association Areas
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* somesthetic
* visual * auditory |
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Intention to contract a muscle begins in the....
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motor association (premotor) area of frontal lobe
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Area that processes order to contract muscle by sending signals to s.cord
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Precentral gyrus (primary motor area)
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The motor homunculus is ____ to the number of muscle motor units in a ____. (fine control)
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proportional
region |
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Wernicke's area
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* recognition of spoken/written language
* creates plan of speech |
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Broca's area
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* generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks & lips (for speech)
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Aprosodia
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* lesions to affective language area
* produces flat, emotionless speech (Ben Stein) |
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The language area of the brain handles what functions?
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reading, writing, speaking & understanding words
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Aphasia
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* any language deficit resulting from lesions in the same hemisphere as wernicke's & broca's
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nonfluent aphasia
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* lesion to broca's
* slow speech, difficulty choosing words * entire vocab may be 2 to 3 words |
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fluent aphasia
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* lesion to wernicke's
* speech normal & excessive, but makes little sense |
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anomic aphasia
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speech & understanding are normal, but text & pictures make no sense
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A stroke patient can understand written or verbal commands, but is unable to speak clearly in response. What area of the brain is damaged?
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Broca's
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Catagorical hemisphere
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* L hemisphere
* specialized for spoken/written language, sequential & analytical reasoning (math/science), analyzing data in linear way |
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Representational hemisphere
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* R hemisphere
* perceives info more holistically, spatial relationships, patterns, comparison of special senses, imagination & insight, music & artistic skills |
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91% of right-handed people have a catagorical ____ hemisphere.
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left
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Lateralization develops with....
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age. Females have more communication between hemispheres (thicker corpus callosum)
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Cerebral Palsy
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* muscular incoordination
* brain damage during fetal development |
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Concussion
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* damage to brain from blow to head
* loss of consciousness, visual/equilibrium disturbances |
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Encephalitis
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* inflammation of brain due to infection
* neural degeneration, necrosis > delirium, seizures, death |
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Epilepsy
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* seizures caused by sudden massive discharge of neurons
* trauma, tumors, drugs, infections, congenital brain malformation |
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Migraine Headache
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* severe recurring headaches
* nausea, vomiting, dizziness, aversion to light |
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Schizophrenia
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thought disorder involving delusions
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location for TASTE processing
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lower end of postcentral gyrus
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location for SMELL processing
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medial temporal lobe & inferior frontal lobe
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location for VISION processing
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occipital lobe
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location for HEARING processing
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superior temporal lobe
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location for EQUILIBRIUM processing
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cerebellum & unknown areas of c.cortex via thalamus
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brain waves when awake or resting with eyes closed
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alpha
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brain waves during light sleep or stress
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theta
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brain waves when eyes are performing mental tasks
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beta
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brain waves during deep sleep
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delta
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