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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What major groups does the integumentary system include?
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Skin (derma & cutaneous membrane) - Epidermis & Dermis / Hypodermis below the dermis / Hair & Nails / Cutaneous Glands
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What percentage of the body weight does skin account for?
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15%
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Two layers of derma? (Their order & tissue type)
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Epidermis - outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium / Derma - deeper connective tissue
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Hypodermis
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the subcutaneous layer that skin rests on
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Three things functional things that are in the skin?
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Hair follicles, Sudoriferous Glands & Sebaceous Glands
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How thick is the skin?
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1-2mm generally. THIN = 0.5mm (eyelids) THICK = up to 6mm (palms & soles - has no follicles or glands)
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Epidermis (where, tissue type, general characteristics)
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* Superficial to the dermis
* Keratinized stratified squamous * Surface is dead skin cells (sometimes filled with keratin) * No blood vessels * Sparse nerve endings * 5 zones |
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How many days for a cell to migrate from stratum basale to stratum corneum?
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30 to 40
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Stratum Basale (where, tissue type, cell types, general characteristics)
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* Deepest Layer
* Simple cuboidal or columnar sitting on basement membrane * Receive nutrients from connective tissue * All cells within are living - 4 types of cells (skin stem, keratinocytes, melanocytes & Merkel/Tactile cells) |
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Skin Stem Cells
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Divide rapidly via mitosis that mostly occurs at night, most duplication happens in s. basale & some in lower section of s. spinosum
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Keratinocytes
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Produce Keratin
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Keratin
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A tough fiberous protein produced by keratinocytes
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Melanocytes
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produce melanin, people have roughly the same quantity
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Melanin
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protective pigment produced by melanocytes, absorbed by keratinocytes & used to shade nuclei from UV rays, all people have roughly the same quantity
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How is melanin used?
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DNA protection = Phagocytized by keratinocytes & used to shade nuclei from UV radiation.
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Two types of melanin
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EUMELANIN - black/brown and PHEOMELANIN - reddish/yellow
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Tactile/Merkel Cells
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sense touch, attached to nerve ending in dermis
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Stratum Spinosum
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* 2nd deepest layer
* Superficial to the stratum basale * Multiple layers thick (thickest) * Keratinocytes & Dendritic (Langerhands) cells |
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Keratinocytes in stratum spinosum
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The more superficial they are the more keratin filaments they produce, which causes the cells to flatten because they are squished
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Dendritic/Langerhans Cells - what, where & why
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Modified macrophages from marrow / in s. spinosum to stop microrganisms (fight off infection)
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Stratum Granulosum
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* 3-5 layers of granule, vesicle-containing keratinocytes
* cells are dying because they are releasing lipids from vesicles * granules lyse makes more keratin * forms protein-lipid epidermal water barrier |
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Granules Lyse
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More keratin is created
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Purpose of keratinocytes granule lyses & vesciles releasing? (beyond what it makes - what effects does it have)
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Forms a protein-lipid epidermal water barrier that waterproofs the skin, prevents dehydration. Cells above die bc they are cut off from nutrients by the lipid layer
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5 layers of the epidermis
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1.Stratum Basale (deepest)/ 2.Stratum Spinosum (2nd deepest)/ 3.Stratum Granulosum (middle) / 4.Stratum Lucidum (2nd to surface)/ 5.Stratum Corneum (surface)
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Stratum Lucidum - physical characteristics, where is it found & where is it not found, what's different about it's cells & what is it's primary function?
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Thin & translucent only in thick skin, no nuclei or organelles, ELEDIN storage
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Eledin
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intermediate product in keratin production
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Stratum Corneum
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* up to 30 layers of squamous cells (so still pretty thin)
* Dead, scaly keratinzed cells * Surface exfoliates * Resist abrasion, penetration & water loss * Thicker stratum corneum makes thick skin thick |
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What was once regarded as the House Dust Allergy is now attributed to an allergy to....
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dust mite feces
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Thickness of the dermis
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0.2 - 4mm
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Tissue of the dermis
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fibrous connective tissue - mainly collagen w/ some elastic & reticular fibers, areolar. Depends on the level.
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Is the dermis vascularized
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Very heavily
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Accessory structures of the dermis (5)
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hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nail roots & nerve endings
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Dermal Papillae
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Upward extensions from the dermis into epidermis forming ridges of fingerprints
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Piloerector Muscles
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Smooth muscle in dermis that stands hair on end
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Skeletal muscles in facial dermis
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for expressions
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Two layers of the dermis
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Reticular layer (deep) and Papillary Layer (extends into epidermis)
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Papillary Layer
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Upper dermis layer - Loosely organized areolar tissue that allows for motility of WBCs
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Reticular layer
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Lower dermis layer - deepest 4 to 5 layers, dense irregular connective tissue, thick collagen, adipocytes
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What tissue causes stretch marks
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The thick collagen - dermis reticular layer
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Where are the adipocytes of the ingumentary system?
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reticular layer of dermis and in the hypodermis
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Where is the hypodermis?
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Below dermis; Known as subcutaneous tissue (or superficial fascia when referring to tissue related to muscles)
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Another name(s) for the hypodermis
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subcutaneous tissue / superficial fascia when referring to tissue related to muscles)
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Primary purpose of hypodermis
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Binds skin to underlying tissue
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Purpose of adipose in the hypodermis & general characteristics
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* Subcutaneous fat cushion, Energy Source & Thermal Insulation
* 8% thicker in women * More here than in dermis |
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Where are hypodermic injections given & why?
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Into the hypodermis because subcutaneous tissue is highly vascularized
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Skin Pigmentation Sources
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Hemoglobin, Carotene & Melanin
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Hemoglobin
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Red pigment of RBCs that is visible thru collagen fibers
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Carotene
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Yellow pigment from diet, concentrates in stratum corneum & subcutaneous fat
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Melanin
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*protective pigment produced by melanocytes, absorbed by keratinocytes & used to shade nuclei from UV rays
*Synthesis from melanocytes stimulated by UV rays * EUMELANIN - K/brown hues * PHEOMELANIN - R/Y hues * Concent'd in moles & freckles *Hereditary |
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Abnormal Skin Colors
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Blue, Red, Yellow, Golden-Brown, Pale, Albino, Bruised
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Cyanosis
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Blueness resulting from O2 deficiency in blood
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Erythema
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Redness from cutaneous vasodilation; Anger, sunburn, embarrassment, increased blood flow
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Jaundice
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Yellowing of skin or sciera (white around eyes) due to excess bilirubin in blood
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Hemogolobin converts to _________ when it is released from dead/dying RBCs
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bilirubin
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Addison Disease
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Glucocorticoid hormone deficiency resulting in bronzing of the skin and rapid loss of water from the body.
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Pallor
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causes pale color due to lack of blood flow
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Anemia
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Low RBC count in body, causes pale skin
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Albinism
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Genetic lack of melanin. Eyes are crystal blue in humans & red in animals
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Hematoma
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Bruise
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Hemangiomas
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birthmarks, caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries.
Strawberry - disappear in childhood Port Wine - last for life & can develop excess skin growth |
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Freckles
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flat aggregations of melanocytes, heredity & sun exposure
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Moles
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Elevated melanized skin, usually benign, sometimes with hair
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Friction Ridges
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unique patterns of fingertips & footprints formed during fetal development
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Flexion Creases / Lines
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form from repeated movement (closing the hand, elbow, wrist, etc.)
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Skin Functions (4)
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Barrier, Vitamin D Synthesis, Sensory Functions, Absorption & Secretion, Psychological/Social functions
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Barrier Characteristics of Skin
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Tough, Dry, Water & UV barrier, Acid Mantle helps inhibit growth of microrganisms
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Cutaneous Absorption & Secretion Thru Skin
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- All transfers via diffusion
*1-2% O2 absorbed in thru * Aminos/steroids diffuse out of * Fat-soluble vitamins absorbed (ADEK) * Some drugs/poisons absorbed |
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Sensory Functions of Skin
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* Nerve receptors for temperature, touch, pressure, vibration & pain
* Thermoregulations (body temp) |
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Pyschological & Social Functions of Skin
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* Appearance & Acceptance
* Facial expressions & nonverbal comm. |
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Nails (what, from where, why,etc)
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* clear, hard, densely packed keratin filled cells
* derived from stratum corneum * flatness allows for fleshy fingertips protected by top of nail * used for diagnosing * growth rate 1mm per week from proximal edge, by mitosis of nail matrix |
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Spoon-like shape of nails may indicate......
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iron-deficiency
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Clubbing of the fingertips can indicate......
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hypoxemia (lack of oxygen)
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Another name for a hair
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Pilus
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Hair structure & general characteristics
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* Filament of karatinized cells with disulfide bridges
* Derived from basal layer of epidermis * Medulla tissue within shaft filled with melanin that determines color * SHAFT (above skin), ROOT (within follicle), FOLLICLE (oblique tube within skin), BULB (within follicle) * Kinky = straight, Wavy = oval, Straight = round |
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Hair Shaft
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* above skin
* Medulla (center), Cortex (middle layer), Cuticle (outer layer) |
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Hair Root
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located within follicle
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Hair Follicle
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* oblique (diagonal) tube where root is, binds with hair cuticle
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Dermal Papilla
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vascular tissue in bulb that provides nutrients to growing hair
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What makes hair white?
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hair looses medulla tissue (replaced with air) and stops producing melanin
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Hair Growth
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* mitosis in stratum basale of epithelial root sheath.
* keratinized cells are pushed upward * 1mm every 3 days for 2-4 yrs * Dormant phase 3-4 mnths * Lashes/brows only grow 3-4mth |
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Hirsutism
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* Abnormal hairness in women or children
* masculinizing ovarian tumors (estrogen/progesteron effected) * adrenal cortex hypersecretion of testosterone |
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Baldness Gene
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dominant in males (sex-linked), expressed with male levels of testosterone, females must be homozygous with abnormal testosterone levels
- Alopacia |
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Functions of Hair
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* Sensory (bugs crawling on you)
* Head hair - sunburn cover & heat retention * Recognition of sex/individual * Sexual maturity & helps distribute sex scents * Guard hairs (nose, ears, lashes) * Expression (eyebrows) |
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Sudoriferous Glands
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* cutaneous gland
* aka - sweat glands * MEROCRINE - dominant, watery perspiration, located all over, lots in plams/soles/forehead * APOCRINE - groin/anal/axillary/beard, more fatty acid, thick & milky, ducts to hair follicles |
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Types of cutaneous glands (4)
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* Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
* Sebaceous * Ceruminous * Mammary |
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Sebaceous Glands
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Produce sebum to prevent dry, brittle, cracked hair & skin; open into follicle or skin surface
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Ceruminous
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Produce cerumen (wax) to waterproof & keep drum flexible, bitter = repel pests
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Cerumen
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Ear Wax
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Sebum
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produced by sebaceous glands to moisturize hair/skin
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Mammary Glands
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produce milk in lactating women
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Most vulnerable organ to injury & disease in human body?
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skin
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Dermatitis
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inflammation of the skin (derm = skin, titis = infection)
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Tinea
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aka - ringworm / fungal infection
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Rosacea
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red rashes of nose & cheeks
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Seborrheic Dermatitis
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Recurring patches of scaly white/yellow inflammation
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Warts
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viral infection (HPV)
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Acne
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* inflammation of sebaceous glands
* Male sex hormo stimulates glands to increase in size & hypersecrete *Microorganisms feed on glycerol from sebum, causing irritation & plugging glands * Comedos = whiteheads / Open Comedos - blackheads (oxidized lipids turn dark) * 80% of teenagers & many adults * Treat = frequent cleanse, ointments, antibiotics, Accutane |
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Comedos
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Whiteheads. Open Comedos = blackheads (oxidized lipid turns dark)
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Definition & cause of Vitiligo
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* Depigmented skin
* Antibodies of immune system because depigmentation is caused by destruction of melanocytes |
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Eczema
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* Many forms, most common = Atopic Eczema (genetic component or allergic reaction)
* Mild case (dry, hot, itchy) or Severe (broken, raw, bleeding) * No cure, just treatments - Emollients = prevent moisture loss / Topical Steroid = lipid based, absorbed by skin, internal effects |
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Psoriasis
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* immune-mediated skin disease (overgrowth of stratum basal layer bc T-lymphocytes aggravate the area)
* Not contagious * Abnormal epithelial growth (instead of 30days, 3-5 days) * Dead cells reach surface quickly causing flaky white layer *PLAQUE PSORIASIS (skin) most common form, but also can happen in joints |
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Impetigo
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bacterial infection most commonly seen on face, highly contagious, white/flaky/scaly patches
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Skin Cancer
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* Induced by UV rays
* Most common- fair skin & elderly * Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Malignant Melanoma |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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* from stratum basale cells that invade dermis
* surgical removal & radiation * least likely form to metastasize |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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* from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum
* if neglected can metastisis to nodes & can be lethal |
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Malignant Melanoma
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* from melanocytes of preexisting mole
* Most deadly form * ABCD - Asymmetry, Border irregular, Color mixed, Diameter over 6mm |
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Burn Degrees
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1st - only epidermis (red, painful)
2nd - epidermis & part of dermis (blistered) 3rd - epidermis, dermis & more |
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Burn Treatments
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* Minor burns (partial thickness) - fluid replacement & infection control
* 3rd degree - fluids, infection control, debridement (removal of dead tissue to prevent infection), grafts |
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Temporary Skin Graft Options
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HOMOGRAFT (allograft) - graft from unrelated person
HETEROGRAFT (xenograft) - tissue from another species AMNION - from afterbirth ARTIFICIAL - from silicone or collagen |
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Permanent Skin Graft Options
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AUTOGRAFT - tissue from different part of body on same person
ISOGRAFT - from identical twin CULTURED keratinocyte patches - taken from own skin & grown in lab |
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Which layer of the epidermis is the thickest?
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s. spinosum
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Where are the nerve receptors in derma?
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dermis & s. basale
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Another name for heterograph
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zenograft (from another species)
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Another name for homograph
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allograft (from unrelated person)
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