A&p Ch. 25 - Metabolism & Nutrition

Front 1

Nutrition

Back 1

the process by which the body obtains and uses certain components of food; includes

* digestion

* absorption

* transportation

* cell metabolism

Front 2

Nutrients

Back 2

Chemicals taken into the body that are used to:

* produce energy

* build new molecules

* function in chemical reactions

Front 3

Major classes of nutrients (6)

Back 3

1. carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. proteins

4. vitamins

5. minerals

6. water

Front 4

essential nutrients

Back 4

chemicals that must be ingested because the body can not manufacture them at all

* amino acids

* fatty acids

* most vitamins

* minerals

* water

* some carbohydrates

Front 5

metabolism

Back 5

the sum of all chemical reactions in our bodies

Front 6

two types of metabolism

Back 6

1. catabolic

2. anabolic

Front 7

catabolic

Back 7

exergonic (gives off energy)

taking complex molecules and breaking them down into simple ones (decomposition)

Front 8

anabolic

Back 8

endergonic (needs input of energy)

taking smaller molecules and building complex ones (synthesis)

Front 9

where do we attain energy?

Back 9

from the food we eat by:

* ingesting

* digesting

* absorbing nutrient bldg blocks into blood

* transporting nutrients GluT transporter in cell membrane allows absorption of the nutrient glucose into the cell

* cells convert nutrients to energy

Front 10

Fates of Glucose

Back 10

stored in skeletal muscle; in liver as glucogen

oxidized for ATP production

* with help of GluT to transport to tissue cells

used to form amino acids for protein synthesis

converted to fat liver or adipose

used to form glycogen carb storage on our bodies

Front 11

Two ways to make ATP

Back 11

1. substrate level phosphorylation

2. oxidative phosphorlyation

Front 12

Substrate level phosphorylation

Back 12

take a phosphate from something else and give it to ADP to form ATP

occurs in the cell cytosol; doesn't require electron transport chain

involves an enzyme and no hydrogen

Front 13

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 13

AKA: electron transport chain

electrons are removed from a compound (bonds broken) and passed through the ETC to oxygen in the inner mitochondria membrane to make ATP

involves ATP synthase and hydrogen

* major ATP production happens this way

Front 14

Electron carriers

Back 14

carry glucose from mitochondria to electron transport chain

* NAD+ AKA Niacin

* FAD AKA Riboflavin

derivatives of vit. B

Front 15

Oxidation

Back 15

removal of electrons from an atom, lowering potential energy

(glucose is oxidized)

LEO = lose electrons oxidation

Front 16

Reduction

Back 16

addition of electrons to a molecule, increasing its potential energy

(NAD+ or FAD reduced - given the e-)

GER = gain electrons reduction

Front 17

four phases of cellular respiration

Back 17

1. glycolysis

2. formation of acetyl coA

3. Kreb's cycle

4. electron transport chain

Front 18

glycolysis

Back 18

*glucose oxidized; NAD+ reduced

*occurs in the cell cytosol

input:

- 1 glucose

- 2 ATP (phosphate donor)

net products:

- 2 pyruvic acids go to next phase

- 2 NADH+ 2H+ will carry electrons to ETC

- 2 ATP used as cellular fuel

Front 19

Formation of acetyl coA

Back 19

occurs in the mitochondria

inputs:

* 2 pyruvic acid

* 2 CoA groups (carry products to next phase)

products:

* 2 Acetyl coA: will enter Krebs cycle

* 2 CO2: waste

* 2 NADH + H+ - will carry e- to ETC

Front 20

aerobic process

Back 20

requires oxygen; cellular respiration

Front 21

what is the byproduct of anerobic respiration

Back 21

lactic acid

prolonged anerobic respiration can lead to acidocis (low blood pH)

Front 22

Kreb's cycle

Back 22

inputs:

- 2 oxaloacetate groups

- 2 acetyl groups

products:

- 2 oxaloacetate groups: regenerated at Kreb's

- 4 CO2: waste product

- 2 ATP

- 6 NADH + H+: carries electrons to ETC

- 2 FADH2: carries electrons to ETC

Front 23

Electron Transport Chain

Back 23

takes place in the mitochondrial membrane

input:

- 10 NADH + H+

- 2 FADH2

products:

- 32 ATP

- H2O

Front 24

ATP yield from ETC

Back 24

each NADH + H+ yields 3 ATP at the ETC

each FADH2 yields about 2 ATP at the ETC

Front 25

net products of cellular respiration

Back 25

36 ATP
6 CO2

6 H2O

Front 26

glycogenesis

Back 26

*glycogen formation

*stimulated by insulin from the pancreas

(lowers blood sugar by storing glucose as glycogen)

Front 27

glycogenolysis

Back 27

*break down of glycogen to release glucose to the blood

*stimulated by low blood sugar activating glucagon from the pancreas

*the sympathetic "fight or flight" neurotransmitter epinepherine

Front 28

gluconeogenesis

Back 28

*formation of new glucose from fats, proteins & lactic acid

*stimulated by the hormones cortisol & glucagon

Front 29

importance of fats (6)

Back 29

used for:

- ATP generation

- plasma membranes

- blood clotting

- myelin sheath

- steroid hormones

- lipoproteins

Front 30

lipoproteins

Back 30

a sphere used to transport hydrophobic lipids through blood

shell made of: proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol

inside carries: triglycerides, cholesterol & other lipids

Front 31

Types of lipoproteins

Back 31

* chylomicrons: transport dietary lipids to adipose tissue

* very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs):

* low density lipoproteins (LDLs): bad cholesterol

* high density lipoproteins (HDLs): remove excess cholesterol from cells and blood to the liver for disposal; good cholesterol

Front 32

Adult Levels

Back 32

cholesterol - below 200 mg/dL

LDL - under 130 mg/dL

HDL - above 40 mg/dL

Triglycerides - 10-190 mg/dL

Front 33

excess dietary carbs, proteins and fats get coverted to.....

Back 33

triglycerides

Front 34

complete proteins

Back 34

contain appropriate amts of all essential amino acids (ones our bodies can not generate)

found in: beef, fish, poultry, eggs and milk

Front 35

incomplete proteins

Back 35

do not contain all of the essential amino acids

found in: leafy green veggies, legumes, grains

Front 36

nonessential amino acids

Back 36

can be generated by the body

Front 37

phenylketonuria

Back 37

genetic disorder where the amino acid phenylalanine doesn't get converted to tyrosine (which can enter the Kreb's cycle); it builds up in the blood

results in vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency and mental retardation

Front 38

food groups (6)

Back 38

fruits

oils
grains

vegetables

milk

meat & beans

Front 39

metabolic rate

Back 39

rate at which metabolism uses energy

Front 40

basal metabolic rate

Back 40

how much energy is consumed at resting state

1200-1800 Cal/day

Front 41

vitamins

Back 41

organic compounds that are required in small amounts to help regulate metabolism

Front 42

Vitamin A

Back 42

AKA retinol

* antioxidant

* essential for vision

2 food sources: eggs, meat, dairy

Front 43

vitamin D

Back 43

* Calcium absorption

* body makes vit D when exposed to the sun

2 food sources: cheese, butter, fish

Front 44

vitamin E

Back 44

*antioxidant

* healthy hair, skin, nails

food sources: fresh nuts, green leafy veggies, seeds oils

Front 45

vitamin C

Back 45

* boosts immunity

*necessary for collagen production (bone strength)

2 food sources: citrus fruits, green peppers, strawberries

Front 46

Niacin (form of Vitamin B)

Back 46

* used to form NAD coenzyme

* assists in fat breakdown

2 food sources: nuts, meats, beans, legumes, fish

niacin deficiency will cause pallegra - rash, nervous system deficiency,

Front 47

Folate (derivative of Vitamin B)

Back 47

* helps with DNA & RNA synthesis

* blood cell production

2 food sources: seafood, pork, beans, legumes

Front 48

B6

Back 48

* healthy nervous system & cardiovascular system

2 food sources: beans, legumes, nuts, eggs

Front 49

Vitamin K

Back 49

*production of prothrombrin for clotting

2 food sources: liver, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach

Front 50

Minerals

Back 50

inorganic compounds that help regulate metabolism

Front 51

calcium

Back 51

bone and teeth formation

food source: milk, egg yolk, shellfish, leafy green veggies

Front 52

chlorine

Back 52

blood acid-base balance

food sources: table salt, soy sauce, processed foods

Front 53

flourine

Back 53

strength in teeth

sources: water

Front 54

iodine

Back 54

production of thyroid hormones

sources: salts

Front 55

iron

Back 55

part of hemoglobin molecule

source: meat

Front 56

phosphorus

Back 56

creating ATP, store in bone, DNA/RNA

source: salts

Front 57

potassium

Back 57

muscle and nerve function

source: banana

Front 58

sodium

Back 58

used to generate action potentials; water retention

source: table salt

Front 59

diabetes type I

Back 59

* insulin dependent

* autoimmune disorder

* onset at young age

Front 60

diabetes type II

Back 60

traditionally adult onset

typically preventable

triggered by poor diet, lack of exercise

low sensitivity to insulin

Front 61

diabetes insipidus

Back 61

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency; results in too much water loss

symptoms:

* extreme thirst

* frequent urination

* dilute urine

Front 62

ketonuria

Back 62

increase level of ketones in the urine

Front 63

ketoacidosis (ketosis)

Back 63

typical of hyperglycemia, ketone levels rise as a result of a failure to properly use glucose for ATP production

fats are then broken to generate ATP