A&p Ch. 21 To Ch. 25

Front 1

spinal nerves

Back 1

31 pairs connected to the spinal cord

Front 2

cervical nerve pairs

Back 2

8

Front 3

thoracic nerve pairs

Back 3

12

Front 4

lumbar nerve pairs

Back 4

5

Front 5

sacral nerve pairs

Back 5

5

Front 6

coccygeal nerve pairs

Back 6

1

Front 7

cervical plexus

Back 7

located deep in the neck

Front 8

phrenic nerve

Back 8

exits the cervical plexus and innervates the diaphragm

Front 9

bronchial plexus

Back 9

located deep in the shoulder, innervates shoulder and entire arm

Front 10

lumbar plexus

Back 10

located lumbar region of the back neck psoas muscle

Front 11

sacreal plexus

Back 11

located pelvic cavity on the surface of piriformis muscle

Front 12

coccygeal plexus

Back 12

joins with the coccygeal nerve

Front 13

dermatome

Back 13

supplied by afferent sensory fibers

Front 14

myotome

Back 14

supplied by efferent motor fibers

Front 15

cranial nerves

Back 15

12 pairs, connect to the under surface of the brain mainly the brainstem

Front 16

cranial nerves are made of

Back 16

mixed cranial nerves, sensory cranial nerve, motor cranial nerve

Front 17

vagus nerve (CNx)

Back 17

composed of sensory and motor nerves

Front 18

sensory fibers in the vagus nerve supply

Back 18

pharynx, larynx, trachea, heart, carotoid body, lungs, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder

Front 19

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 19

has afferent sensory nerves and efferent motor nerves

Front 20

ANS function

Back 20

regulate heartbeat, smooth muscle contractions, glandular secretions, and metabolic functions

Maintains homeostasis

Front 21

ANS Controls

Back 21

internal body processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temp, digestion, urination, sexual responses, production of body fluids (tears, saliva, sweat)

Front 22

the 2 efferent divisions

Back 22

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Front 23

sympathetic division

Back 23

fight or flight

Front 24

parasympathetic division

Back 24

rest and relax

Front 25

neurotransmitters in the ANS

Back 25

2 chemical messengers

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Front 26

acetylcholine

Back 26

slows heart rate, promotes digestion and elimination

Parasympathetic

Front 27

norepinephrine

Back 27

increase heart rate and blood pressure, triggers release of glucose

sympathetic

Front 28

ANS disorders

Back 28

diabetes, peripheal nerve disorders, parkinsons

Front 29

sense organs (sensory receptors)

Back 29

enable the body to respond to stimuli

Front 30

2 categories of sense organs

Back 30

general and special

Front 31

receptor response

Back 31

receptors respond to stimuli by converting them to nerve impulses

Front 32

receptor potential

Back 32

potential developes in receptor membranes when an adequate stimulus acts on the receptor

Front 33

impulse (action potential)

Back 33

travel over sensory pathways to the brain and spinal cord

Front 34

adaptation

Back 34

decrease in receptor potential over time in response to a continuous stimulus

Front 35

special receptors

Back 35

in localized areas for special senses like smell, taste, vision, and hearing

Front 36

general sense organs or somatic senses

Back 36

microscopic receptors widely distributed throughout the body

Front 37

exteroceptors location

Back 37

on or near the body surface

detect pressure, pain, temp

Front 38

exteroceptors also called

Back 38

cutaneous receptors

Front 39

visceroceptors location

Back 39

internally often within the bodys organs

viscera

provide body with info about internal environment

Front 40

visceroceptors also called

Back 40

interoceptors

Front 41

propriceptors

Back 41

special type of visceroceptors

provide info on body movement

Front 42

propriceptors location

Back 42

limited to skeletal muscle, joint capsules and tendons

Front 43

mechanoreceptors

Back 43

activated when deformed to generate receptor potential

Front 44

chemoreceptors

Back 44

activated by chemicals, taste, and smell

Front 45

thermoreceptors

Back 45

activated by temp changes

Front 46

nociceptors

Back 46

pain

Front 47

photoreceptors

Back 47

found only in the eyes

Front 48

osmoreceptors

Back 48

concentration of electrolytes in extracellular fluids

Front 49

olfactory sense organs consist of

Back 49

epithelial support cells and olfactory sensory neurons

Front 50

olfactory cells

Back 50

chemoreceptors, gas molecules, or chemicals dissolved in the mucus covering the nasal epithelium to stimulate the olfactory cells.

Front 51

olfactory cilia

Back 51

hair like receptors

Front 52

olfactory epithelium

Back 52

located in the superior portion of the nasal cavity

Front 53

olfactory receptors

Back 53

extremely sensative and easily fatigued

Front 54

anosmia

Back 54

complete lack of smell

Front 55

olfactory pathways

Back 55

impulses pass through the olfactory tract into the olfactory centers of the brain for interpretation, integration, and memory storage

Front 56

taste buds

Back 56

sense organs that respond to gustatory or taste stimuli

Front 57

types of papillae

Back 57

fungiform, circumvallate, foliate, filiform

Front 58

fungiform

Back 58

large mushroom shaped on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Front 59

circumvallate

Back 59

huge dome shaped, form a transverse row near back of the tongue

Front 60

foliate

Back 60

red, leaf like ridges on lateral edges of the posteriortongue surface

Front 61

filiform

Back 61

bumps with tiny, thread like projections, scattered among the fungiform. No taste buds, lets us experience food texture

Front 62

gustatory cells

Back 62

sensory cells in the taste buds

Front 63

5 primary taste sensations

Back 63

sour, sweet, bitter, umami, and salty

Front 64

nerve impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue traveled by

Back 64

facial nerve

Front 65

nerve impulses from the posterior 1/2 of tongue travel by

Back 65

glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 66

nerve impulses go

Back 66

to medulla oblongatta, relayed to the thalamus then relayed into the gustatory area of the cerebral cortex

Front 67

external ear

Back 67

2 divisions- Auricle or Pinna

External Acoustic Meatus

Front 68

Auricle

Back 68

visible portion of the ear

Front 69

external acoustic meatus

Back 69

tube leading from the auricle (hole) into the temporal lobe

Front 70

middle ear

Back 70

3 auditory bones- Malleus

Incus

Stapes

Front 71

opening into the middle ear

Back 71

from external acoustic meatus, oval window(stapes fit), round window(covered by membrane), opening into auditory tube

Front 72

inner ear structure

Back 72

bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, cochlea, endolymph, perilymph

Front 73

bony labyrinth

Back 73

made up of the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals

Front 74

sound is created by

Back 74

vibrations

Front 75

the ability to hear sounds depends on

Back 75

volume, pitch, and other acoustic properties

Front 76

sound waves must be of the sufficient amplitude to

Back 76

move the lympanic membrane

Front 77

the greater the movement

Back 77

the louder the sound

Front 78

external structures of the eye

Back 78

eyebrows, eye lashes, and eye lids

Front 79

eyebrows, and eye lashes

Back 79

serve a cosmetic purpose, give some protection from objects entering the eye

Front 80

eye lids are lined with

Back 80

conjunctiva, a mucous membrane

Front 81

palpebral fissure

Back 81

opening between the eyelids

Front 82

lateral angle or canthus

Back 82

formed where upper and lower eye lids join

Front 83

lacrimal apparatus

Back 83

lacrimal glands, lacrimal canals, lacrimal sacs, nasolacrimal ducts

Front 84

lacrimal glands

Back 84

size and shape of a small almond

Front 85

lacrimal canals

Back 85

small channels that empty into lacrimal sacs

Front 86

lacrimal sacs

Back 86

located in the lacrimal bone

Front 87

lacrimal ducts

Back 87

small tubes that extend from the lacrimal sacs into the inferior meatus of the nose

Front 88

extrinsic eye muscles

Back 88

outside of eye and helps it move

Front 89

intrinsic eye muscle

Back 89

help it function as it should

Front 90

iris

Back 90

regulate the size of the pupil

Front 91

ciliary muscles

Back 91

control shape of lens

Front 92

layers of the eyeball

Back 92

3 layers- outer, innner, and middle

Front 93

outer coat

Back 93

fibrous layer

scelra- white fibrous layer

cornea-transparent anterior portion that lies over the iris

Front 94

middle coat of the eyeball

Back 94

vascular layer

contains: choroid, ciliary muscles, ciliary body, ciliary processes, suspensory ligaments, iris

Front 95

inner coat of the eye ball

Back 95

retina

Front 96

optic nerve

Back 96

goes from brain to eyeball

Front 97

anterior cavity

Back 97

in front of lens

Front 98

posterior cavity

Back 98

behind the lens, filled with vitreous humor

Front 99

aqueous humor

Back 99

watery liquid that leaks from eye when injured, give eye ball his shape

Front 100

vitreous body (humor)

Back 100

maintains intraocular pressure

Front 101

refraction

Back 101

the deflection, or bending of light rays

Front 102

accommodation for near vision

Back 102

increase curvature of lens, constrict pupils, convergence of both eyes

Front 103

contraction of ciliary muscle, reduce tension

Back 103

lens bulge to see near

Front 104

relax of ciliary muscle, increase tension

Back 104

lens flattens to see distant

Front 105

photopupil reflex

Back 105

pupil constricts in bright light

Front 106

convergence of eyes

Back 106

the closer the object the closer the degree of convergence

Front 107

strabimus

Back 107

abnormal convergence

Front 108

rhodopsin

Back 108

only photo pigment found in rods, vision at low light levels, highly light sensitive

Front 109

rods

Back 109

black and white vision

Front 110

cons

Back 110

color vision, less light sensitive

Front 111

disorders of the ear

Back 111

otosclerosis (impairs conduction, inherited bone disorder)

otitis (inflammation of the ear)

Front 112

disorders of the eye

Back 112

refraction disorders

disorders of the retina

disorders of the visual pathway

Front 113

endocrine system also called

Back 113

neuroendrine system

Front 114

endocrine system function

Back 114

communication, integration, and control

Front 115

endocrine system secretes

Back 115

hormones (they are made and sent out as needed)

Front 116

endocrine glands

Back 116

ductless glands

Front 117

tropic hormones

Back 117

stimulate growth and secretion

Front 118

sex hormones

Back 118

target reproductive tissues

Front 119

anabolic hormone

Back 119

stimulate anabolism in target cells

Front 120

steroid hormones

Back 120

manufactured by endocrine cells from cholestrol

Front 121

non-steroid hormones

Back 121

synthesized from amino acids

Front 122

steroid

Back 122

synthesized from cholestrol, lipid soluble, found in target cells

Example: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Front 123

non steroid

Back 123

synthesized from amino acids

Example: protein hormone, glycoprotein hormone, peptide hormone

Front 124

lock and key mechanism

Back 124

different hormone receptors interact differently with different cells

Front 125

combined hormone actions

Back 125

synergism

permissiveness

antagonist

Front 126

synergism

Back 126

hormones work together on a target cell

Front 127

permissiveness

Back 127

one hormone allows another hormone to work on a cell

Front 128

antagonist

Back 128

hormones produce opposite effects

Front 129

up-regulation

Back 129

increased number of receptors as time goes on

Front 130

down-regulation

Back 130

decreased number of receptors as time goes on

Front 131

hypersecretion

Back 131

hyperthyroidism, hyperpituitarism, autoimmunity

Front 132

hyposecretion

Back 132

anabolic steroids