A&p 2 Final Review

Front 1

Charles law

Back 1

pressure is constant, volume and temperature (V1/T1 = V2/T2)

Front 2

Hookes law

Back 2

elastance = pressure over volume

Front 3

Gay-lussacs law

Back 3

volume is constant, pressure and temperature (P1/T1=P2/V2)

Front 4

Henrys law

Back 4

amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid at a given temperature is
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. Solubility CO2 divided by
solubility O2

Front 5

Ficks law

Back 5

V gas=AD(P1-P2)/T

Front 6

Boyles law

Back 6

= temperature is constant P1xV1=P2xV2

Front 7

Grahams law

Back 7

move independently from an area of high pressure to an area of low
Pressure

Front 8

What is VQ mismatch?

Back 8

When ventilation and perfusion is out of sync with each other resulting in poor gas exchange.

Front 9

What calculation can you use to determine the residual volume?

Back 9

FRC - ERV

Front 10

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

Back 10

SA Node

Front 11

List the steps of coagulation and know what occurs in each step

Back 11

Stage 1- Injury to the blood vessel wall activates varios clotting factors. When activated, the clotting factors produce prothrombin activator (PTA)
Stage 2- the presence of calcium, platelet chemicals, and PTA, prothrombin is activated to form thrombin.
Stage 3- thrombin activates fibrinogen. Activated fibrinogen forms the fibrin fibers, or fibrin net. The net traps other blood cells and particles to form the clot.

Front 12

know about the heme portion of hemoglobin.

Back 12

As the RBCs circulate through the body the oxygen attaches loosely to the iron atom in the heme.

Front 13

Plasma is made up of what?

Back 13

is a yellow fluid composed mostly of water. Plasma also contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and waste.

Front 14

Neutrophils

Back 14

- are the most common granulocyte, account for 55%- 70% of the total WBC population. The neutrophil’s most important job is phagocytosis.

Front 15

Basophils

Back 15

- a granulocyte that is present in small numbers and make up less than 1% of WBCs. The basophil plays a part in the inflammatory response, primarily through the release of histamine. The basophil also releases heparin and anticoagulants.

Front 16

Esinophils-

Back 16

a granulocyte present in small numbers and make up 1%to 3% of WBCs. They are involved in the inflammatory response and secrete chemicals that destroy certain parasites, engage in phagocytosis, and become elevated in persons with allergies.

Front 17

Lymphocytes-

Back 17

agranulocytes-are produced in the red bone marrow; some migrate to, mature, and reproduce in lymphoid tissue. Lymphocytes constitute 25%-38% of WBCs and perform an important role in the body’s immune response.

Front 18

Monocytes-

Back 18

agranulocyte- the monocyte is phagocytotic. Make up 3%-8% of WBCs, more efficient at phagocytosis than neutrophils. They differentiate or change into macrophages.

Front 19

What is DVT

Back 19

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Front 20

Formation of a platelet plug

Back 20

– When a blood vessel is torn, the inner lining of the vessel activates the platelets. The platelets become sticky and adhere to the inner lining of the injured vessel and to each other. By sticking together they form a platelet plug. The plug diminishes bleeding at the injured site.

Front 21

ENDOCARDIUM-

Back 21

the innermost layer of the heart, and is made of simple squamous epithelium.

Front 22

MYOCARDIUM

Back 22

the middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle to allow heart to contract.

Front 23

EPICARDIUM

Back 23

the thin outermost layer of the heart and helps pericardial formation.

Front 24

Right Atrium

Back 24

receives unoxygenated blood from the vena cava and passes it to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

Front 25

Right Ventricle

Back 25

receives unoxygenated blood from the right atrium and passes it to the lungs through pulmonic valve and pulmonary arteries.

Front 26

Left Atrium

Back 26

oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins.

Front 27

Left Ventricle

Back 27

receives blood from left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta.

Front 28

what is the lub-dub sound of the heart?

Back 28

The sounds of the heart comes from all 4 valves of the heart when it opens and closes.

Front 29

Cardiac Output

Back 29

the amount of blood volume pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

Front 30

Know Starling’s Law of the Heart

Back 30

Starling’s Law allows the heart to match cardiac output with venous return (of blood). It’s based on dependence of the degree of stretch of the myocardial fibers. The stretch increases the force of contraction, which in turn increases stroke volume.

Front 31

Know what a hematocrit is and what it means if it is high or low.

Back 31

The hematocrit (Hct) is a % of blood cells in a sample of blood. A person with a low Hct is considered to be anemic, with a lower than normal number of RBCs. Higher than normal Hct is an indication of heart failure do to low blood volume.

Front 32

List the steps of hemostasis and know what occurs in each step.

Back 32

The process that stops bleeding is called hemostasis and involves three steps:
Blood vessel spasm- when a blood vessel is injured, the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall responds by contracting ; this process is called vascular spasm. Vascular spasm causes the the diameter of the blood vessel to decrease. Thereby decreasing the amount of blood that flows through that vessel.
Blood clotting – With a more serious injury to the vessel wall, bleeding stops only if a blood clot forms. Blood clotting or coagulation, is the third step in the hemostasis process. A blood clot is formed by a series of chemical reactions that result in the formation of a netlike structure. The net or framework of the clot is composed of protein fibers called fibrin. As blood flows through the fibrin net, large particles in the blood, such as RBCs and platelets, become trapped within it. The fibrin net and the trapped elements is called a blood clot.

Front 33

List the blood types and know their characteristics and compatibilities- especially universal donor and universal recipients (under what conditions).

Back 33

The ABO grouping contains four blood types: A, B, AB, and O. The letters A and B refer to the antigen on the RBC. For example a person with type A blood has the A antigen on the RBC etc.. A person with type AB blood has both A and B antigen on the RBC. A person with type O blood has neither A or B antigens on the RBC. Type O is called a universal donor and type AB is called a universal recipient. Type A can receive from A and O; can donate to type A and AB. Type B can receive from from B and O; can donate to B and AB. Type AB can receive from any blood type; can donate only to AB. Type O can receive only type O; can donate to any blood type.

Front 34

Know what occurs in the right heart failure – why it occurs and what happens as the result, including backward and forward effects.

Back 34

When the right ventricle fails blood backs up into the veins that return blood to the right heart. Blood also backs up into the veins that drain the liver, spleen, and digestive organs, causing hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), digestive symptoms. Right sided failure is also characterized by ankle, or pedal, edema.

Front 35

Know what occurs in left heart failure – why it occurs and what happens as a result, including backward and forward effects.

Back 35

When the left ventricle fails to pump blood into the aorta, two things happen – blood backs up in the lungs, and the heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the systemic circulation.
Backward failure – the pooled blood increases the pressure within the pulmonary capillaries and forces fluid into the lungs. The presence of fluid in the lungs impairs oxygenation of blood.
Pulmonary edema (PE) – the accumulation of fluid within the lungs
Forward failure – if the damaged left ventricle cannot pump enough blood to the systemic circulation, all the organs of the body receive inadequate oxygen.

Front 36

Ejection Fraction

Back 36

the percentage of the EDV that is pumped out of the ventricles; it is an indication of cardiac health. When the ventricle contracts it pumps about 67% of its volume (EDV); therefore, some blood remains in the ventricle.

Front 37

Know erythroblastosis fetalis – causes and effects, and how it can be prevented.

Back 37

A hemolytic condition. The hemlysis causes a rapid rise in plasma levels of bilirubin. The hyperbilirubinemia, in turn, causes severe jaundice and a condition call Kernicterus, caused by staining of the part of the brain with bilirubin and leads to severe retardation.
Erythroblastosis fetalis can be prevented the administration of the drug RhoGAM.

Front 38

WHEN DOES AIR-TRAPPING AND AUTO-PEEP OCCUR?

Back 38

rapid venitaltory rates, modequate expiratory time

Front 39

WHAT FORMS THE UPPER AIRWAYS AND WHAT IS THE FUNCTION?

Back 39

nose, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx
To act as a conductor of air
Humidify and warm the inspired air
Prevent foreign materials from entering the tracheobronchial tree

Front 40

Know what perfusion limited and diffusion limited is:

Back 40

Increasing the blood flow will suddenly make a perfusion limited gas becomes diffusion limited while in the lung

Front 41

Aorta

Back 41

big mama of all arteries

Front 42

Superior vena cava

Back 42

drains blood into right atrium from upper body

Front 43

SA node

Back 43

pacemaker of the heart

Front 44

Plumonic valve

Back 44

exit valve for the right ventricle

Front 45

R atrium

Back 45

chamber that receives unoxygenated blood from the vanae cavae

Front 46

Tricuspid valve

Back 46

atrioventricular valve that “sees” unoxygenated blood

Front 47

AV node

Back 47

allows ventricle to relax allowing it to fill with blood during atrial contraction

Front 48

R ventricle

Back 48

chamber that pumps blood into the pulmonary artery

Front 49

Inferior vena cava

Back 49

drains blood into right atrium from lower body

Front 50

Aortic arteries

Back 50

carries blood away from the heart

Front 51

Pulmonary artery

Back 51

carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
Arterial conduction fibers

Front 52

L atrium

Back 52

chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the four pulmonary veins

Front 53

Bundle of HIS

Back 53

conducts electrical impulses that regulates heart beat

Front 54

Aortic valve

Back 54

semi lunar valve through which blood exits the left ventricle

Front 55

Bicuspid valve

Back 55

valve that is also called the mitral valve

Front 56

R&L bundle of branches

Back 56

R&L bundle of branches

Front 57

L ventricle

Back 57

chamber pumps blood into the aorta

Front 58

Purkinje fibers

Back 58

transmits impulses

Front 59

Jugular vein

Back 59

drains blood from the head

Front 60

Ulnar artery

Back 60

delivers blood to the hand, used in Allen’s test to check collateral circulation

Front 61

Hepatic artery

Back 61

delivers blood to the liver

Front 62

Renal artery

Back 62

delivers blood to the kidneys

Front 63

Brachial artery

Back 63

delivers blood through the upper arm

Front 64

Axillary vein

Back 64

drains blood from the arm

Front 65

Internal carotid artery

Back 65

delivers blood to the brain

Front 66

Inferior vena cava

Back 66

drains blood into the right atrium from lower body

Front 67

Superior vena cava

Back 67

drains blood into the right atrium from the upper body

Front 68

Renal vein

Back 68

drains blood from the kidney

Front 69

WHAT IS AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM?

Back 69

record of the electrical signals of the heart

Front 70

WHAT IS THE “LUBB-DUBB” SOUNDS OF THE HEART MADE OF?

Back 70

the vibrations caused by closure of the valves

Front 71

WHAT IS DVT?

Back 71

deep vein thrombosis

Front 72

KNOW ALL OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

Back 72

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

Front 73

KNOW ALL THE PARTS OF THE HEMATOCRIT AND WHAT THEY MEAN:

Back 73

Plasma 55% pale yellow fluid composed mostly of water
Buffy coat consists of WBC and platelets
RBC transport of oxygen to all body tissues
Formed elements 45%

Front 74

WHAT DOES HEMOGLOBIN CONSIST OF AND WHAT DOES IT DO?

Back 74

Globin - protein heme- iron containing substance responsible for RBC function

Front 75

WHAT IS THE RIGHT SIDE HEART FAILURE AND LEFT SIDE HEART FAILURE?

Back 75

R heart failure blood backs up into the veins that return blood to the R heart as a consequence of L sided failure
L heart failure blood backs up in the lungs and the heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the systemic circulation

Front 76

WHEN DOES VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION OCCUR?

Back 76

qrs wave

Front 77

WHAT WILL INCREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT?

Back 77

increased stroke volume, exercise, age, gender, stimulation of the autonomic nerves, hormonal influence, medication, pathology

Front 78

WHAT IS TACHYCARDIA?

Back 78

fast heart rate

Front 79

WHAT IS ERTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS AND WHEN DOES IT OCCUR?

Back 79

rh- mother carrying an rh + baby

Front 80

WHAT DOES INOTROPIC MEAN?

Back 80

increased strength of heart contractility

Front 81

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS:
Apnea:

Back 81

no spontaneous breathing

Front 82

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Eupnea:

Back 82

normal breathing 10-18bpm va=4-6Lpm

Front 83

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Biot’s respiration

Back 83

short episodes of rapid uniformly deep inspirations followed by 10-30 sec of apnea

Front 84

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Hyperpnoea

Back 84

increase depth of breathing with or without increased frequency

Front 85

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Hyperventilation

Back 85

increased alveolar ventilation either increase in rate of depth

Front 86

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Tachypnea

Back 86

rapid rate of breathing 30bpm or more

Front 87

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Hypoventilation

Back 87

decreased alveolar ventilation either rate or depth

Front 88

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Cheyne-stokes respiration

Back 88

10-30 sec of apnea followed by a gradual increase in volume and frequency of breathing followed by gradual decrease in volume until another period of apnea

Front 89

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Kussmaul’s respiration

Back 89

dramatic increase in both depth and rate of breathing

Front 90

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Orthopnea

Back 90

breathing by sitting in an upright position

Front 91

KNOW ALL THE VENTILATION PATTERNS: Dyspnea

Back 91

difficulty in breathing person is very much alert

Front 92

Tidal volume

Back 92

volume of air that normally moves into and out of the lungs in one quiet breath

Front 93

Inspiratory reserve volume

Back 93

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Front 94

Expiratory reserve volume

Back 94

maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Front 95

Residual volume

Back 95

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

Front 96

Inspiratory capacity

Back 96

volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation

Front 97

Functional residual capacity

Back 97

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation

Front 98

Total lung capacity

Back 98

maximum amount of air that the lungs can accommodate

Front 99

Residual volume/total lung capacity ratio

Back 99

the percentage of the TLC occupied by the RV

Front 100

WHAT IS PURSED LIP BREATHING?

Back 100

a simple thing a patient does that will help keep the small airways open during an asthma exacerbation and other obstruction disorder

Front 101

WHAT PREVENTS BACKFLOW IN VEINS?

Back 101

one way valves

Front 102

KNOW THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION AND THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION: Systemic

Back 102

provides blood supply to the rest of the body

Front 103

KNOW THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION AND THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION: Pulmonary

Back 103

carries blood from the R ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the L atrium of the heart

Front 104

WHAT IS COR PULMONALE?

Back 104

elevation in pulmonary artery pressure and R ventricular hypertrophy

Front 105

KNOW ALL BLOOD TYPES WHO CAN RECEIVE AND GIVE UNIVERSALLY:

Back 105

RECEIVE: A- A,O B- B,O AB- A,B,AB,O O- O
DONATE: A- A,AB B- B,AB AB- AB O- O,A,B,AB

Front 106

KNOW THE SPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISM:

Back 106

3rd line of defense homes in on a foreign substance and provides protection against one specific substance

Front 107

HOW ARE PLATELETS FORMED?

Back 107

produced in the red bone marrow hemostasis

Front 108

KNOW ABOUT THE HEME PORTION OF HEMOGLOBIN

Back 108

iron

Front 109

KNOW THE STAGES OF HEMOSTASIS

Back 109

Blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting/coagulation

Front 110

WHAT IS MVV AND PEFR?

Back 110

maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)
Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

Front 111

WHAT IS V/Q MISMATCH?

Back 111

when perfusion and ventilation is out of sync resulting in poor gas exchange

Front 112

WHAT ARE THE NORMAL VALUES OF HEMOGLOBIN FOR A MALE AND FEMALE?

Back 112

male= 14-16g/100mL female= 12-15g/100mL

Front 113

HOW DOES ONE MEASURE RESIDUAL VOLUME?

Back 113

measured indirectly

Front 114

BE ABLE TO DETERMINE A RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Back 114

RV is decreased

Front 115

KNOW ALL PARTS OF THE LUNG:

Back 115

Trachea, apex, superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe, base, hilus, carblaginous rings, carina, primary bronchi, superior lobe, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchiole, inferior lobe

Front 116

KNOW ALL THE LAYERS OF THE A/C MEMBRANE:

Back 116

Fluid layer, alveolar epithelial layer, alveolar basement, interstitial space, capillary basement, capillary epithelial layer

Front 117

BE ABLE TO CALCULATE PACO2:

Back 117

PaO2=F1O2(Pb-Ph2O)-PCO2x1.25

Front 118

WHAT DOES THE LOWER AIRWAY CONSIST OF?

Back 118

Terminal bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, capillaries, alveoli, pulmonary veins

Front 119

WHAT ARE THE AVERAGE TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY AND NORMAL EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME?

Back 119

Total lung capacity=0-6 liters 5800 ml
Vital capacity = 1.2-6 liters 4600 ml
Tidal volume = 2.5 liters 500 ml
Inspiratory reserve = 3-6 liters 3000ml
Expiratory reserve = 1.2-2.5 liters 1100 ml
Residual volume = 0-1.2 liters 1200ml
Functional residual capacity 2300ml

Front 120

WHAT TYPE OF CELL IN THE ALVEOLI PRODUCES SURFANCTANT?

Back 120

lipoproteins