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44 Cards in this Set
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Fill in the blank: _____________ - Fluid connective tissue _____________ – non-living fluid matrix ______________– living blood "cells"suspended in plasma |
Blood - Fluid connective tissue Plasma – non-living fluid matrix Formed elements – living blood "cells" suspended in plasma |
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3 Types of Blood |
•Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs) •Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs) •Platelets |
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Physical Characteristics of Blood: pH and Average volume |
pH 7.35-7.45 Volume: 5-6L for males; 4-5L for femails |
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3 functions of blood |
–Distributing substances –Regulating blood levels of substances –Protection |
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In what ways does blood distribute? |
•Delivering O2 andnutrients to body cells •Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination •Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs |
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In what ways does blood regulate? |
•Maintaining body temperature •Maintaining normal pH using buffers •Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatorysystem |
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In what ways does blood protect? |
•Preventing blood loss –Plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation •Preventing infection –Antibodies –Complement proteins –WBCs |
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What is the composition of blood plasma? |
90% water - Over 100 dissolved solutes - ~8% plasma proteins - nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions |
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Composition of plasma protein |
Produced by liver 60% albumin, 36% globulin; 4% fibrinogen |
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Formed Elements: Fill in the blank Only ____ are complete cells ______ have no nuclei or organelles ______ are cell fragments Most formed elements survivein the bloodstream for __________ Most blood cells _________and do not divide |
Formed Elements: Fill in the blank Only WBCs are complete cells RBCs have no nuclei or organelles Platelets are cell fragments Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream for only a few days Most blood cells originate in bone marrow and do not divide |
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Characteristics of Erythrocytes |
•Biconcavediscs, anucleate, essentially no organelles •Contain a Hemoglobin molecule whichcarries oxygen bound to iron molecules •Major factor contributing to blood viscosity •Glycoproteins on the surface are used for bloodtyping |
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Hemoglobin Structure: Fill in the blank •Globin composed of ___________ – Two _____ and two ____ chains •___________ bonded to each globin chain –Gives blood ________ •Heme's central ______ atom binds ________ •Each Hb molecule can _________ •Each RBC contains _______ Hb molecules |
•Globin composed of 4 polypeptide chains – Twoalpha and two beta chains •Hemepigment bonded to each globin chain –Gives blood red color •Heme's central iron atombinds one O2 •Each Hb molecule can transport four O2 •Each RBC contains 250 million Hb molecules |
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Hemoglobin (Hb) Functions and what do they produce: 3 things |
•O2 loading in lungs –Produces oxyhemoglobin (ruby red) •O2 unloading in tissues –Produces deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin (dark red) •CO2 loading in tissues –20% of CO2 in blood binds to Hb à carbaminohemoglobin |
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Defined as blood cell formation inred bone marrow –Occursin red bonemarrow |
Hematopoiesis |
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What are hemocytoblasts? |
Hematopoitic stems cells that get rise to all formed elements |
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What is Erythropoiesis? |
Red blood cell production |
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Regulation of Erythropoiesis: Too few RBCs leads to tissue _____ Too many RBCs ___________ |
Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity |
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What are the Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis? |
•Erythropoietin (EPO) - Hormone produced by the kidneyswhen blood O2 levels drop or tissues experience hypoxia. ( hypo- low, oxia- oxygen) •Testosteronealso enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males |
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Causes of hypoxia |
– Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers –Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency) –Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes) |
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Dietary Requirements for Erythropoiesis |
•Nutrients—amino acids, lipids, &carbohydrates •Iron- ferritin •Vitamin B12 and folic acid—necessaryfor DNA synthesis for cell division |
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Fate and Destruction ofErythrocytes: Fill in the blank •Life span: _______ –No protein synthesis, growth, division •Old RBCs become ________; Hb begins to ___________ •Get trapped in smallercirculatory channels especially in _______ •Macrophages engulf dying RBCs inthe spleen . Spleen -> “_________” |
•Life span: 100–120 days –No protein synthesis, growth, division •Old RBCs become fragile; Hb begins to degenerate •Get trapped in smaller circulatory channels especially in spleen •Macrophages engulf dying RBCs in the spleen . Spleen -> “RBC graveyard” |
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Bilirubin leaves the body through ______ and ______ |
–Bilirubin leaves the body through feces as stercobilin and through the urine as urobilin |
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Learn life cycle of Red Blood Cells |
Found on Figure 17.7 |
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What is polythemia vera? |
–Bonemarrow cancer excess RBCs –Severelyincreased blood viscosity |
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What is Anemia? |
–Bloodhas abnormally low O2-carryingcapacity –BloodO2levels cannot support normal metabolism –Accompaniedby fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and chills |
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What are the three groups that can cause anemia? |
1. Blood loss 2. Low RBC production 3. High RBC destruction |
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Types of Anemia:
_________ anemia: acute or chronic loss of blood _________ anemia:RBCs rupture prematurely- malaria _________ anemia:destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow- Chemo _________ anemia: •Secondary result of hemorrhagicanemia or •Inadequate intake ofiron-containing foods or Impaired ironabsorption _________ anemia-Deficiency of vitamin B12 Lack of intrinsic factor needed forabsorption of B12 _________ anemia.Defective gene codesfor abnormal hemoglobin (HbS). Causes RBCs to becomesickle shaped in low-oxygen situations |
Types of Anemia: Hemorrhagicanemia: acute or chronic loss of blood Hemolytic anemia:RBCs rupture prematurely- malaria Aplastic anemia:destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow- Chemo Iron-deficiencyanemia: •Secondary result of hemorrhagicanemia or •Inadequate intake ofiron-containing foods or Impaired ironabsorption Perniciousanemia-Deficiency of vitamin B12 Lack of intrinsic factor needed forabsorption of B12 AbnormalHb: Sickle-cellanemia.Defective gene codesfor abnormal hemoglobin (HbS). Causes RBCs to becomesickle shaped in low-oxygen situations |
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Leukocytes make up ____% of total blood volume. Function in ______ |
Leukocytes make up <1% of total blood volume •Function indefense against disease |
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Two categories of Leukocytes and their types |
•Granulocytes – Visiblecytoplasmic granules –Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils •Agranulocytes – Novisible cytoplasmic granules –Lymphocytes, monocytes |
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Granulocytes composition and function |
–Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs –Lobed nuclei –Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright's stain –All phagocytic to some degree |
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Agranulocytes composition |
–Lack visible cytoplasmic granules –Have sphericalor kidney-shaped nuclei |
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Leukocyte disorders: ______ –Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced ______ – all fatal if untreated –Cancer ->___________ –Lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes ______ leukemia derivesfrom stem cells; primarily affects children ______ leukemia morecommon in older people |
Leukocyte disorders: Leukopenia –Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced Leukemias – all fatal if untreated –Cancer -> overproduction of abnormal WBCs –Lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes •Acute leukemia derives from stem cells; primarily affects children •Chronic leukemia more common in older people |
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What are platelets? |
Platelets (aka thrombocytes) are small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments |
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Platelets: Fill in the blank •_____ in diameter •Derived from fragmentation ofprecursor _____ •Theaverage lifespan of a platelet isnormally just _____ •Areinvolved in hemostasis, leading to theformation of ______ |
Platelets: Fill in the blank •2–3 µm in diameter •Derived from fragmentation of precursor megakarocytes •The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 9 to 12 days •Are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots |
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3 steps of Hemostatsis (to stop bleeding) Describe: 1.The Vascular Phase: _____ 2. The Platelet Phase: _____ 3. The Coagulation Phase: _____ |
1.The Vascular Phase: Local contraction of injured vessel 2. The Platelet Phase: Platelets stick to damaged vessel wall 3. The Coagulation Phase: Clotting factors in plasma form blood clot |
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Platelet Phase of Hemostasis: 1.Attachment ofplatelets to exposed surfaces is called _______ 2.Attachment of platelets to each other is called _______ 3.Platelet aggregation forms a ______ 4.Aggregation beginswithin _____ of an injury |
Platelet Phase of Hemostasis: 1.Attachment of platelets to exposed surfaces is called platelet adhesion 2.Attachment of platelets to each other is called platelet aggregation 3.Platelet aggregation forms a Platelet Plug 4.Aggregation begins within 15 seconds of an injury |
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Three phases of coagulation |
Three phases of coagulation –Prothrombin activator formed in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways –Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin –Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen -> fibrin |
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Simplified description of Coagulation Phase 1: TwoPathways to Prothrombin Activator |
•Intrinsic pathway– Slower •Extrinsic pathway–Faster |
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Simplified description of Coagulation Phase 2:Pathway to Thrombin |
Prothrombin is converted into Thrombin |
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Simplified description of Coagulation Phase 3:Common Pathway to the Fibrin Mesh |
•Thrombin convertssoluble fibrinogen to fibrin |
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What is Hemostasis? What is fibrinolysis? |
Hemostasis: Clot Retraction and Removal Fibrinolysis: Clot gradually resolves |
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What is plasmin? |
an enzyme derived from plasminogen in the plasma, cuts fibrin apart like a molecular scissors |
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Blood types: •___________ determined •Basedon the presence of _________ present on the surface of red blood cells |
Blood types: •Genetically determined •Based on the presence of proteins (antigen or aglutigens) present on the surface of red blood cells |
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What are the types of antigens? What is the mechanism of typing? |
A, B, AB and O (no antigens) Mechanism of typing is agglutination of antigens with antibodies (agglutinogens) |
