Anatomy Lab 9: Urinary System

Front 1

What three major factors does blood composition depend on?

Back 1

Diet
Cellular metabolism
Urinary output

Front 2

How many liters of blood plasma do the kidney's million nephrons filter per day from their glomeruli into the tubules??

Back 2

150 L to 180 L

Front 3

What occurs to blood plasma in the tubules?

Back 3

It is selectively processed by tubular reabsorption and secretion

Front 4

What is the average daily urinary output?

Back 4

1-1.1.8 L

Front 5

What is the normal color of urine and what is it due to?

Back 5

Generally clear but oes from pale yellow to amber

Due to urochrome, a pigment metabolite arising from the body's destruction of hemoglobin via bilirubin or bile pigments

Front 6

What do color variations in urine indicate?

Back 6

The relative concentration of solutes to water in urine

Greater the solute concentration, the deeper the color

Front 7

What is abnormal urine color due to?

Back 7

Certain foods like beets, drugs, bile or blood

Front 8

What is the odor of freshly voided urine vs urine left standing?

Back 8

Freshly voided: aromatic
Standing: ammonia-like odor due to bacterial action

Front 9

What changes the odor of urine?

Back 9

Some drugs, vegetables and disease processes

i.e. diabetes mellitus=fruity/acetone smell because elevated levels ketones

Front 10

What does the pH of urine range from and what is its average value?

Back 10

4.5-8
Average value is 6.0, slightly acidic

Front 11

What changes the pH of urine?

Back 11

DIET
Diet high in protein and wheat increases acidity (acid ash foods)

Veggie diet (alkaline ash diet) increases the alkalinity

Also BACTERIAL INFECTION=high pH

Front 12

What is specific gravity?

Back 12

The relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water

Distilled water=1.00

Front 13

What is urine's specific gravity range?

Back 13

1.001-1.030

Front 14

What do we call urine that has a specific gravity of less than 1.001?

Back 14

Dilute urine
Contains few solutes

Causes: too much water, use of diuretics, suffers from diabetes insipidus or chronic renal failure

Front 15

What are conditions that cause urine to have a high specific gravity?

Back 15

Limited fluid intake, fever, kidney inflammation (pyelonphritis)

If the solutes precipitate, they form kidney stones (renal calculi)

Front 16

What are normal constituents of urine in order of decreasing concentration?

Back 16

Water, urea, ions (sodium, potassium, phosphate and sulfate), creatinine, uric acid

Variable amounts (less) of calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate ions

Abnormal amounts of any of this=pathology

Front 17

What are urea, uric acid and creatinine together?

Back 17

The most important nitrogenous wastes in urine

Front 18

What is urea?

Back 18

An end product of protein breakdown

Front 19

What is uric acid?

Back 19

A metabolite of nucleic acid breakdown

Front 20

What is creatinine?

Back 20

Associated with muscle metabolism of creatine phosphate

Front 21

What are some abnormal urinary constituents?

Back 21

Glucose, albumin, ketone bodies, red blood cells, hemoglobin, bile pigments, white blood cells and casts

Front 22

What is glycosuria?

Back 22

Presence of glucose in urine
May result from excessive carbohydrate intake (temporary)

Front 23

What is pathologic glycosuria?

Back 23

i.e. diabetes mellitus

Body cells are unable to absorb glucose from blood because of not enough insulin so body cells increase metabolism of fats, unusable glucose goes into urine

Front 24

What is albuminuria?

Back 24

Presence of albumin in urine, a blood protein imp. in maintaining osmotic pressure of blood

Indicative of an abnormally increased permeability of the glomerular membrane (usually too large to pass through)

Front 25

What is a nonpathologic condition of albuminura?

Back 25

Excessive exertion
Pregnancy
Overabundant protein intake

Front 26

What is a pathologic condition of albuminura?

Back 26

Damage of glomerular membrane (i.e. kidney trauma due to blows)

Ingestion of heavy metals,
Bacterial toxins, glomerulonephritis and hypertension

Front 27

What is ketonuria?

Back 27

the presence of ketone bodies (intermediates of fat metabolism) in excessive amounts

Expected in starvation; coupled with glycosuria fo diabetes mellitus; leads to acidosis

Front 28

What is hematuria?

Back 28

The appearance of red blood cells in urine

Means pathology of the urine tract because RBC too large to go through glomerular pores

Causes: irritation of urinary tract due to calculi, infections, physical trauma

Front 29

What is hemoglobinuria?

Back 29

The presence of hemoglobin in the urine
Result of fragmentation, or hemolysis, of red blood cells

Indicates hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions, burns or renal disease

Front 30

What is bilirubinuria?

Back 30

Appearance of bilirubin in urine
Indicates liver pathology (hepatitis or cirrhosis)
Signaled by a yellow foam when urine is shaken

Front 31

Is urobilinogen normal or not in urine?

Back 31

Normal in small amounts
Metabolite of bilirubin

Front 32

What is pyuria?

Back 32

Presence of white blood cells or pus in urine

Indicates inflammation of urinary tract

Front 33

What are casts?

Back 33

Hardened cell fragments flushed out of the urinary tract

Pyelonephritis: white blood cell casts
Glomerulonephritis: red blood cell casts
Fatty casts: indicate severe renal damage

Front 34

How did we determine specific gravity of the urine?

Back 34

Used a urinometer float
Numbered lines give the reading for the first two decimal places, determine third place by reading the non-numbered line at the lower edge of the meniscus

Front 35

How did we determine the organic constituents in the urine?

Back 35

Used a combination dip stick to take readings on several factors
--bilirubin, blood/hemoglobin, glucose, ketone bodies, nitrites, albumin, urobilinogen and WBCs should all be negative (urobilinogen sometimes trace)
--need to be read during second minute otherwise invalid

Front 36

What is the normal color, clarity, odor, pH and specific gravity of urine?

Back 36

Color: pale yellow
Clarity: transparent
Odor: variable
pH: 4.5-8
Specific gravity: 1.001-1.030

Front 37

What is this?

Back 37

Kidney
(Specifically zooming in on Bowman's capsule, 400x)

Front 38

Label:
--Bowman's capsule
--capsular space
--glomerulus
--parietal layer of capsule
--renal tubule with simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 38

PCT and distal tubule=renal tubule for our purpose

Bowman's space=capsular space
Visceral layer=glomerulus

Bowman's capsule is the entire big thing

Front 39

What is this?

Back 39

Ureter, 100x

Front 40

Label:
--lumen
--transitional epithelium
--lamina propria
--smooth muscle
--adipose

Back 40

L=lumen
E=transitional epithelium
LP=lamina propria
M=Muscularis (smooth muscle)
Adv=adventitia (adipose)

Front 41

What does the ureter do?

Back 41

Brings urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 42

What does the kidney do?

Back 42

Where urine is produced.

Front 43

What does the urethra do?

Back 43

Allows urine to be eliminated from the body through this tube.

Front 44

What does the urinary bladder do?

Back 44

It's where urine is stored.

Front 45

What is the name of the endocrine gland that lies on top of each kidney?

Back 45

Adrenal gland

Front 46

What is the name of the three structures that enter or exit the concave structure of the kidney at the renal hilus?

Back 46

1. Ureter
2. Renal vein
3. Vena cava

Front 47

About how many nephrons are there in each kidney?

Back 47

One million nephrons per kidney

Front 48

What is the function of the nephrons?

Back 48

Functional unit of the kidney

Responsible for reabsorption and secretion of various solutes such as amino acids (glutamate)

Front 49

What are the areas between the renal pyramids called and what is their function?

Back 49

Columns of Bertin

Allows the cortex of the kidney to be better anchored
Consists of blood vessels and urinary tubes

Front 50

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

Back 50

Collects urine from pyramids and conveys into the ureter for passage into the urinary bladder

Front 51

What is the pathway of forming urine within the juxtamedullary nephron?

Back 51

Blood enters kidney from renal artery
1. Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
2. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
3. Descending loop of Henle
4. Thick ascending loop of Henle
5. Early distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
6. Late distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
7. Cortical collecting duct
8. Medullary collecting duct

Front 52

What is the renal corpuscle made of?

Back 52

Renal corpuscle made of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

Front 53

Does the filtration allow both small and large molecules to pass through?

Back 53

Filtration driven by hydrostatic pressures

Only small molecules (like H2O) through, not large molecules (like proteins)

Front 54

What cell type lines the proximal convoluted tubules?

Back 54

Epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 55

What is the function of the tight junctions between adjacent cells in the PCT?

Back 55

Permits passage of water but limits the escape of large molecules from tubular lumen into interstitial space

Front 56

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 56

Between vascular pole of renal corpuscle and tubule of the same nephron

Front 57

What are the names of the two cell types present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus? What are they responsive to?

Back 57

1. Macula densa cells
2. Juxtaglomerular cells

Front 58

What two cell types are found in the late DCT and cortical collecting duct?

Back 58

Light cells -- most numerous
Dark cells -- only present in cortical region, H+ or bicarbonate

Front 59

What is in outlined in blue?

Back 59

kidney

Front 60

What is in outlined in blue?

Back 60

bladder

Front 61

What is in outlined in blue?

Back 61

Urethra

Front 62

What is in outlined in blue?

Back 62

Ureter

Front 63

What is in outlined in blue?

Back 63

Renal vein

Front 64

Back 64

Renal artery

Front 65

Label:
renal capsule, renal cortex, renal (medullary) pyramids; renal columns; renal pelvis; ureter

Back 65

here

Front 66

Label:
renal capsule, renal cortex, renal (medullary) pyramids; renal columns; renal pelvis; ureter

Back 66

Here

Front 67

LABEL: afferent and efferent arterioles; glomerulus; Bowman's capsule; proximal convoluted tubule; descending and ascending loops of Henle; peritubular capillaries; distal convoluted tubule; collecting duct

Back 67

Here