Anatomy And Physiology Lecture Test 3

Front 1

What are the functions the skeleton provides?

Back 1

support
movement
protection
storage
hemopoiesis/hematopoisis

Front 2

what does skeletal support do?

Back 2

provides an internal frame called an endoskeleton and allows for attachment of skeltal muscle

Front 3

What are some important things with bone movement?

Back 3

Articulations-joints.
Shapes of articulating surfaces determines the range and direction of movement

Front 4

What are some important things to do with the protection bone provides?

Back 4

Protects the cranium, vertebral column, the thorax and a wealth of vital organs

Front 5

What is the importance of bone storage?

Back 5

-Stores calcium which is needed for bone strength, nerve conductivity, and many other functions
-Stores phosphorus
-Stores adipose for energy
known as yellow marrow

Front 6

What is another name of stored calcium and what does it do?

Back 6

Hydroxyapatite-the crystal for of calcium which is stored in bones.

Front 7

What is the importance of hemopoises/hematopoises?

Back 7

Is important to the creation of blood cells.

Front 8

Name the typical structures of a typical long bone?

Back 8

Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Epiphyses(epiphysis)
Periosteum
Metaphysis
Articular Cartilage

Front 9

What is the diaphysis?

Back 9

The shaft (middle part) of a long bone comprised primarily of compact bone

Front 10

What are the parts to the medullary cavity?

Back 10

Yellow marrow - adipose
Endosteum - lining to the walls of the medullary cavity

Front 11

What are the parts to endosteum?

Back 11

Osteoprogenitor cells - cells that give rise to new cells.
Osteoblasts - cells that produce bone matrix
Osteoclasts - cells that tear down bone matrix to be replaced by new matric

Front 12

What is the epiphyses(epishysis)?

Back 12

Cancellous (spongy) secondary center of ossification (bone formation) usually located at the ends of long bones

Front 13

What is the perioesteum?

Back 13

Contributes to bone growth, bone repair, and surrounds the bone with a membrane of blood vessels. Also the periosteum provides a place where ligaments and tendons connect.

Front 14

Name the structures of the periosteum.

Back 14

Outer layer
Inner Layer
Blood Vessels

Front 15

What is the function of the outer layer of the periosteum?

Back 15

Outer layer - provides a protective layer of the periosteum which contains fiberous connective tissue

Front 16

What does the inner layer do for the periosteum?

Back 16

inner layer-delicate thin layer which makes bone cells(osteoprogenitor cells) and osteoblasts which makes bone matrix

Front 17

What do blood vessels do for the periosteum?

Back 17

-Has lymphatic vessels which carry white blood cells into and out of the bone.
-Has nerves to tell the brain when there are problems with the bone (pain).
-Has Sharpey's fibers which are cables that anchor the periosteum to the bone.

Front 18

What is the Metaphysis?

Back 18

It is the widened 'transition zone' where the epiphysis and the diaphysis meet. "partition"

Front 19

What are the parts of the Metaphysis?

Back 19

The epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
The epiphyseal line (fused joint)

Front 20

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Back 20

made of hyaline cartilage and is know as the "growth plate." Partitions the epiphysis and the diaphysis in younger/developing bones.

Front 21

What is the epiphyseal line?

Back 21

It is a fused joint between the epiphysis and the diaphysis when bone "closes up shop" and stops growing.

Front 22

What is articular cartilage?

Back 22

It is joint cartilage that is on the ends of long bones (mostly)
-comprised of hyaline cartilage
-absorbs stress
-smooth
-provdes cushion

Front 23

What are the ways to classify joints?

Back 23

By their structure and by their function

Front 24

What are some ways to classify a bone by its structure?

Back 24

1. By its connective tissue between articulating surfaces of bones
2.By the presence of space between the articulating joints.

Front 25

Name some ways to classify a bone by its function and give examples.

Back 25

By describing its degree of movement or the amount of flexibility it has.
1.synarthroses
2.amphiarthroses
3.diathroses

Front 26

What are synarthorses?

Back 26

aka:Synarthotic joints
Bones that dont move at all.
very very minimal space between joints
ex: Skull

Front 27

What are amphiarthrses?

Back 27

aka:Amphiarthrotic joints
Bones that move very little and provide 'amphi-' both strength and flexibility in joints.

Front 28

What are diathroses?

Back 28

aka:Diathrotic joints
Freely movable joints which have fluid filled joint cavities

Front 29

Name all the fiberous joints and tell me their functional characteristic

Back 29

a.sutures: synarthrotic
b.syndesmoses: amphiarthrotic
c.gomphoses: synarthrotic

Front 30

Tell me what sutures are and give and example of one.

Back 30

They're synarthrotic joints = no movement. ex:cranial bone.

Front 31

Some fiberous joints and some cartilagenous joints develop into synostoses. What are synostoses?

Back 31

when the ends of bones grow together/fuse. ex:left and right frontal bone in a fetal skull, the fusion of sacral bones, the fusion of the os-coxa.

Front 32

Tell me what syndesmoses are and give an example of one.

Back 32

Theyre amphiarthrotic joints = little movement.
1.presence of a ligament or interosseous tissue membrane ONE OR THE OTHER...NOT BOTH. ex: tibiofibular joint (ankle) /distal end

Front 33

Tell me what gomphoses are and give an example of one.

Back 33

They're synarthrotic joints = no movement. GOM = GUMS
1.Presence of periodontal ligament=holds each bone in its bony socket.
ex:tooh

Front 34

What are Cartilaginous Joints?

Back 34

they have articular cartilage, but no joint cavity. They have very little movement.

Front 35

Name all of the cartilaginous joints and give their functions.

Back 35

a.Synchondroses: synarthotic=no movement
b.Symphyses: amphiarthrotic=very little movement

Front 36

What is synchondroses?

Back 36

synarthrotic=no movement for strength
1.presence of hyaline cartilage
2.ex:epiphyseal plate and ribs to sternum

Front 37

What are synovial joints?

Back 37

fluid filled (capsule-enclosed) joint cavity/diathrotic (think cv-joints in car)

Front 38

What are synovial joints comprised of?

Back 38

1.articular cartilage
2.joint cavity
3.articular capsule/joint capsule
4.accessory ligaments
5.articular discs
6.bursae

Front 39

What is articular cartilage?

Back 39

comprised of hyaline cartilage/provides smooth articulating surfaces to minimize friction in joints

Front 40

What is a joint cavity?

Back 40

Capsule-enclosed compartment filled with synovial (serous) fluid

Front 41

What is an articular capsule/joint capsule?

Back 41

it's a double-layered envelope that encloses the joint cavity.
Comprised of:
a.fiberous capsule
b.synovial(sereus) membrane

Front 42

What is a fiberous capsule?

Back 42

dense fiberous connective tissue that covers the outmost part of the capsule. helps prevent dislocation/provides stability

Front 43

What is a synovial (serous) membrane

Back 43

holds in synovial fluid. Inner lining of the articular capsule. Produces synovial fluid.

NOT EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Front 44

What are accessory ligaments comprised of?

Back 44

capsular ligament
extracapsular ligament
intracapsular ligament

Front 45

what is a capsular ligament

Back 45

embedded in the wall of the capsule of a ligament (fiberous capsule made of dense fiberous connective tissue)

Front 46

what is an extracapsular ligament?

Back 46

resides outside of the fiberous capsule of a ligament

Front 47

What is an intracapsular ligament?

Back 47

ligament inside of the fiberous capsule

Front 48

What is an articular disc?

Back 48

compsied of a meniscus - pads of fibrocartilage that bears great weight in things like the knee. shock absorber which adds stability.

Front 49

What is a bursae?

Back 49

Flattened fiberous sacks that cushion and contain synovial fluid.