Advanced Nutrition Final Exam

Front 1

Positive Nitrogen Balance

Back 1

Recover after illness, athletic training, certain hormones (insulin, testorsterone, growth hormone)

Front 2

Negative Nitrogen Balance

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Inadequate intake of protein (fasting, low absorption) deficiency of EAA

Front 3

Lipoprotein with highest concentration of TRIG. Dietary lipids. Enter lymphatic system and bloodstream.

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Chylomicrons

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Lipoprotein made in the liver. High concentration of TRIG. Removes TRIG and picks up cholesterol to become LDL. High levels associated with diabetes/obesity/refined sugars

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VLDL

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Lipoprotein with high concentration of cholesterol. Receptors on cells allow to enter. Deposits cholesterol and other lipids onto cells.

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LDL

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Lipoprotein made in the liver and sm amounts in intestines. Removes cholesterol from cells to be broken down by the liver. High amounts assoicated with health/longevity

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HDL

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Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria. Live microbial food ingredients that have a beneficial effect on health when ingested in live and sufficient numbers. Fermented products.

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Probiotics

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Fructo-oligosaccharides. Short chain simple sugars. Nondigestible food products that stimulate growth of desirable bacteria.

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Prebiotic

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What do lipids, carbs, and proteins bread down to before entering the TCA cycle?

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Acetyl CoA

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The first step of the TCA cycle.

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Condensation reaction

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The TCA cycle is located in the _________

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Mitochondria

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Coenzymes often have ___ vitamins with them.

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B vitamins

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Where cytochromes are located

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Heme iron

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The mineral found in cytochromes

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iron

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This enzyme is found in the respiratory chain aka Electron transport chain

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Coenzyme Q

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Involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines

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Peristalsis

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Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA is an ________ reaction

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Irreversible

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The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones.

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Catabolism

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When does the body make lactic acid?

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When oxygen is limited.

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A shunt of glycolysis in the liver, adipose, mammary glands, testes, RBC. Produces NADPH for fatty acid and steroid synthesis.

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Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

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Straight chain starch, more resistant to fiber.

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Amylose

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Branched chain starch, easier to digest

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Amylopectin

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Substrates used to make glucose in gluconeogensis

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Glucagon and cortisol

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Functions of insulin

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1. Anabolic hormone that lowers blood glucose

2. Muscles, adipose, and and tissues are dependent on insulin to take in glucose

3. Stimulates phosphorylation of glucose

4. Insulin stimulates glycogenesis

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Low glycemic index foods

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legumes, non starchy vegetables

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When there are high levels of ketones due to fat breakdown

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Ketosis

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Highest amount of cholesterol people should consume

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300 mg

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The break down of fatty acid in numerous Acetyl-CoA molecules so Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle

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Beta-oxidations

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The most active form of Vitamin E

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Alpha-tocopherol

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What does Vitamin A deficiency cause?

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-Keratinization

-xerophthalmia (eye problems)

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Iron overload caused by genetic disorder, the mucosal block works less efficiently in those with ___________

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Hemochromotosis

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Hemoglobin carries _______

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oxygen

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The body's iron storage

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About 5g of iron stored in RBC

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_______ increases iron absorption

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Vitamin C

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Heme iron is found in:

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Meat, shellfish, beef, poultry, organ meats.

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How much of heme iron is absorbed?

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15-35%

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How much of non-heme iron is absorbed?

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2-10%

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__________ regulates zinc absorption

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Metallothionein

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Trace mineral found in teeth and bones

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Fluoride

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Mineral with glutathione peroxidase

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Selenium

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Good food sources of zinc

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Ground beef, oysters, steak, crab, broccoli

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Results of zinc toxicity

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Raised LDL, lower HDL, lower body copper

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__________ hampers utilization of iodine

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Thyroid hormone

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_________ increases excretion of chromium

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High sugar intakes, strenuous exercise, physical trauma

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Good food sources of copper

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Seafood, nuts, grains, seeds, legumes, chocolate

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Iodine deficiency causes _________

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Cretinism

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The amount of sodium in "low salt" products

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<140mg

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Good food sources of potassium

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Bananas, broccoli, carrots, tomato juiuce, strawberries, squash, artichoke

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Diuertics can have an adverse affect on these minerals

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Magnesium & Potassium

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Condition in which sodium amount in blood is lower than normal. Causes: burns, diarrhea, heart failure, kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, vomiting

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Hypoatremia

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_____ deficiency leads to beriberi and wrist/ankle drop

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B1, Thiamine

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How is lymph fluid formed?

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Fluid from blood plasma that is not reabsorbed by blood vessels drains into the lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic drainage prevents accumulation of too much tissue fluid.

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3 Ds of Pellegra

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Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

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_____________ are both electrolytes and dissociate in water to form charged ions

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Potassium and sodium

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____ iron is the best absorbed

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Heme

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RBC use ___________ for energy

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Glucose

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AA that is a precursor to Niacin

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Tryptophan

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Who should avoid eating aspartame?

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People with PKU- avoid phenylalanines

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Branched Chain AA are metabolized in _______

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Muscles

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Linolenic acid (canola, linseed, soybean) is used to make:

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EPA and DHA

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Aldosterone function:

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Regulate blood pressure

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Groups of similar cells that perform a common function

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Tissue

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The body stores glucose as this

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Glycogen

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Frequent acid reflux can lead to this

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GERD

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The pancreas releases the digestive enzyme _________ into small intestine

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Bicarbonate

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An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degredative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

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Lysosomes

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Movement across membranes that does not require input of energy

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Passive membrane transport

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Reaction in which hydrogens or electron are lost

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Oxidation

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Reaction in which electrons or hydrogens are gained

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Reduction

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When does ketosis take place?

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When there is not sufficient glucose to provide energy for the body. Can happen when the body is lacking insulin and blood glucose levels become high, or on a low carb diet. Fats are broken down.

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Milk is sold in opaque containers to prevent destruction of this vitamin

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B2: riboflavin

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The main objective of this diet is to lower blood pressure

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DASH

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This hormone decreases water excretion by the kidneys

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Antidiuretic hormone

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The thirst center is located in the:

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Hypothalamus

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This is the fastest body mechanism for regulating pH

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The buffer system

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This deficiency during pregnancy is associated with neural tube defects and spina bifida.

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Folate

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Lack of intrinsic factor is associated with _________ anemia

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Pernicious

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Pyridoxine is a form of this vitamin

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B6

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Eating raw eggs could lead to this deficiency

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B7: biotin

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Good food sources of folate

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Leafy greens, legumes, liver

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______ is required for hydroxylation of lysine and proline

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Vitamin C

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Transamination makes _____ AA

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Nonessential

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Vitamin B6 deficiency leads to this anemia

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Microcytic hypochromic anemia

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These cells help bones to repair

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Osteoblast

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This decreases blood calcium

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Calcitonin

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This vitamin is important for blood coagulation

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Vitamin K

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The process of removing an amino group from an AA and giving it to another substance to form a new AA

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Transamination

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People with high uric acid levels are likely to develop:

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Gout

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A low intake of this vitamin could lead to bone loss

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Vitamin D

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What is PDCAAS

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Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score

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Milk has a high _____

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PDCAAS

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The biologically active form of vitamin K

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Menadione

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Lymphocytes carry _______ in circulation

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Antibodies

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The common antibody involved in allergic reactions

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IgE

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This immunity recognizes a limited number of markers unique to pathogens

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Innate internal immunity

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Mechanical digestion in the mouth

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Mastication

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The primary cause of ulcers

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Helicobacter Pylori

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These cells attack viruses

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T cells

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Urea is formed by a ________ reaction

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Condensation

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Glycine is a _____ AA

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Nonessential

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Where is hydroxyproline found?

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Collagen

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This AA regulates blood pressure

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Arginine

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Caused by moderate energy deficiency and severe protein deficiency

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Kwashiorkor

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Vitamin ___ stimualtes osteoclast cells

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D

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Spinach is a good source of _________

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Provitamin A

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Phylloquine is a form of:

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Vitamin K

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The most glucogenic AA

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Alanine

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The active form of Vitamin D

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Calcitriol

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Intestinal bacteria make:

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Menaquinone

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Needed for gene expression

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Retinoic Acid

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When the cell membrane forms a vesicle that surrounds extracellular substances and releases them into the cell

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Endocytosis

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When a vesicle formed inside the cell releases products made in the cell into extracellular fluid

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Exocytosis

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When carbs combine with lipids or protein to make glycolipids or glycoproteins

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Glycocalyx

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Phospholipid bilayer

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Have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic moiety. Core is hydrophobic, helps restain essential water soluble substances in the cell

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Immunity that develops in one's lifetime and is a result of exposure to invaders and antigens

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Acquired

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Immunity: 3rd line of defense, specific. Antibody mediated (humoral) or cell mediated

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Adaptive

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Protein released by plasma cell (daughter of an activated B cell). Produce humoral immunity by changing antigens. Binds antigens-attracts macrophafes-expose complement binding sites

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Antibodies

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Immunity that involves T cells. Directed against intracellular pathogens and cancerous cells. Can't be transferred in plasma.

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Cellular immunity

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All chemicals except antibodies released leukocytes. Inflammatory mediators

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Cytokines

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Immunity that involves B cells and the antibodies they produce. Directed against extracellular pathogens. CAN be transferred in plasma

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Humoral immunity

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Immunity that is the first line of defense. Surface barriers. Nonspecific- general protection. Relies on mechanisms that exist before infection

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Innate external

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White blood cells that provide protection against ingested microorganisms

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Macrophages

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Enzyme found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars

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Amylase

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The amount of bile (emulsifier) secreted by liver per day

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1200 mL

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Hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juice, and is secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach wall in response to the presence of food

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Gastrin

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The protrusion of an organ, typically the stomach, through the esophogeal opening in the diaphragm

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Hiatal hernia

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Reaction in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. One fragment of the parent molecule gains a hydrogen ion from the additional water molecule. The other group collects the remaining hydroxyl group (OH-)

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Hydrolysis

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Nutrition Care Process Steps

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Assess

Diagnose

Intervention

Monitor

Evaluation

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Part of nutrition prescription that concisely states the patient's individualized recommended dietary intake of energy and/or selected foods or nutrients. Based on current reference standards and dietary guidelines and the patients health condition and nutrition diagnosis

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Nutrition Prescription

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PES Statement

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_________(problem) related to _________ (etiology) as evidenced by ___________ (signs and symptoms)

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The adrenal gland releases _____ & __________

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Cortisol and epinephrine

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Cycle that regenerates glucose. Involves glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Used under conditions of limited oxygen availability. Provided small amounts of ATP

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Cori Cycle

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Stimulates gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis. Released from alpha cells in pancreas

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Glucagon

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Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources in liver and kidney. Active when fasting and inadequate supply of insulin. Stimulated by glucagon and cortisol.

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Gluconeogenesis

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Converting glucose to glycogen. Insulin stimulates.

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Glycogenesis

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The breakdown of glycogen. Muscle and adipose breaks down to glu-6-phosphtae. Liver and kidney breaks down to glucose. Stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

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Glycogenolysis

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Glucose-hemoglobin unit. Glucose attaches to hemoglobin in the oxygen carrying molecule in RBC. Reflects sugar exposure to the cells over its life (3 months)

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Glycosolated hemoglobin

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Hexosekinase is _______ by high concentration of glucose

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Inhibited

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Caused by obesity and is a precursor for the development of type 2 diabetes. The inability of insulin receptors to respond to insulin

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Insulin resistance

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Used to make genetic material. Very little in diet, readily made in the cell. Part of ATP, NAD, ribolfavin

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Pentoses

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Carbs RDA

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130 g. 45-46% of total calories

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5-10% of diabetes. Most often in kids. Caused by lack of insulin production by the pancreatic B cells. Autoimmune disorder that destroys B cells. Insulin injections or pumps required.

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Type 1 Diabetes

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90-95% of diabetes. Insulin resistance: insulin receptors can't respond to insulin.

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Type 2 Diabetes

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USDA Fiber label guidelines

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High fiber= 5g or more

Good source= 2.5-4.9g

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Group of compounds made from arachidonic acid and EPA. Assists in regulating blood pressure, blood clotting, immune response. Chemical messengers. Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes.

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Eicosanoids

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AMDR of fat

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20-35% of total calories

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Lipoprotein in HDL. Should be high to decrease risk of heart disease.

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ApoA-1

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Lipoprotein in LDL. Should be low

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ApoB

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How much EPA and DHA acids should you have a day

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300-400mg

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Omega 6 fatty acid. Made in the body from linoleic acid. May be reduced in advanced age, diabetes, high alcohol intake

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Gamma-linolenic acid

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Sterols made by plants that resemble cholesterol. Avg intake is 150-350mg/day. Sterols best consumed with a meal, can reduce cholesterol in 3 weeks. Those on statin drugs could benefit.

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Plant sterols

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Hydrophobic compounds that combines with a protein to make a chylomicron

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Cholesterol

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Trans fat that some researchers claim to be less harmful than others.

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Conjugated linoleic acid

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Enzyme that catobolizes the hydrolysis of ester bonds that attach fatty acid to the glycerol molecule. Liberates fatty acids from adipose cell

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Hormone-sensitive lipase

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Process that yields a product more saturated, more spreadable, and more resistant to oxidation. Enhances stability.

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Hydrogenation

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RDA of saturated fat

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Less than 7% of calories. about 16g per day.

Front 157

Drugs that decrease blood cholesterol by inhibiting one of the enzymes needed for synthesis.

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Statin drugs

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Ester of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Most common lipid in foods and the body

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Triglycerides