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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fear |
•thecentral nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one’s well-being
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Anxiety |
•thecentral nervous system’s phsyiological andemotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger
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Can be useful or debilitating |
Deviance, Dysfunction & Distress |
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What are six anxiety disorders? |
•Generalizedanxiety disorder (GAD) •Phobias •Panicdisorder •Obsessive-compulsivedisorder (OCD) •Acutestress disorder - Posttraumaticstress disorder (PTSD |
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What types of studies are conducted to find out how strong the biological componentto a disorder is?
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•TwinStudies
•AdoptionStudies •FamilyPedigree Studies |
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Whatare the DSM criteria for a diagnosis of GAD?
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•Excessiveor on going anxiety and worry about at least 2 different activities or events
•Atleast 3 of the described symptoms•Symptomsmust last for at least six months.•Significantdistress or impairment |
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Whichneurotransmitter system contributes to GAD? |
•GABA |
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What suggestion is shared by both the metacognitive theory and avoidance theory ofGAD?
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•That worrying serves some sort of “positive” function for the sufferer |
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What is the main type of behavioral therapy used for OCD? |
•Exposureand response prevention (ERP) –Repeatedly inducing anxiety while not allowing the person to complete the associatedcompulsion |
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To what does the biological perspective attribute OCD? |
•SerotoninActivity –Serotonin-basedantidepressants reduce OCD symptoms •Abnormal brain structure and function –Orbitofrontalcortex and caudate nuclei compose a brain circuit that converts sensory information into thoughts and actions |
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What types of treatment are used to treat specific phobias?
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•Exposuretreatments
–Desensitization •Relaxationskills •Fearhierarchy •Exposure –Flooding •Forcednon-gradual exposure –Modeling •Therapist confronts feared object while the fearful person observes |
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StressDisorders
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•The state of stress has two components:
–Stressor – event that creates demands –Stress response – person’s reactions to the demands |
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Stressand Arousal: The Fight-or-Flight Response |
•Thefeatures of arousal and fear are set in motion by the hypothalamus
–Twoimportant systems are activated:1.Autonomicnervous system (ANS) –Anextensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system (thebrain and spinal cord) to all other organs of the body2.Endocrinesystem –Anetwork of glands throughout the body that release hormones |
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LOOK ON POWER POINT |
LOOK ON POWER POINT |
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The Psychological Stress Disorders
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•Responseto trauma: levels of arousal, anxiety, and depression
–Forsome, symptoms persist •These people may be suffering from: 1.Acute stress disorder 2.Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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The Psychological Stress Disorders
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1.Acutestress disorder
–Symptomsbegin within four weeks of event and last for less than one month 2.Posttraumaticstress disorder (PTSD) –Symptomsmay begin either shortly after the event, or months or years afterward •Asmany as 80% of all cases of acute stress disorder develop into PTSD –Lastlonger than one month |
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What Triggers a Psychological Stress Disorder?
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•Combatand stress disorders
•Disastersand stress disorders •Victimizationand stress disorders •Terrorismand torture |
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Why Do People Develop a Psychological Stress Disorder?
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•Other researched contributing factors: 1.Survivors’biological processes
2.Personalities 3.Childhoodexperiences 4.Socialsupport systems 5.Culturalbackgrounds 6.Severityof the traumas |
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What types of treatment are used for people with stress disorders?
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•Drug therapy
•Insight therapy •Behavioral exposure techniques •Psychological debriefing |
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What is psychoneuroimmunology?
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•The study of how psychological disorders affect the immune system and vice versa
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Mood Disorders
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•Two key emotions :
1.Depression •Low,sad state in which life seems dark and its challenges overwhelming 2.Mania •State of breathless euphoria or frenzied energy |
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Mood Disorders
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•Unipolar Depression
–Nohistory of mania –Moodreturns to normal when depression lifts •Bipolar Disorder –Periodsof mania that alternate with periods of depression •UnipolarMania? •Dysthymic Disorder •Cyclothymic Disorder |
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Diagnosing Unipolar Depression
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•Criteria1: Major depressive episode
–Markedby five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks •Inextreme cases, symptoms are psychotic, including –Hallucinations –Delusions •Criteria2: No history of mania |
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Diagnosing Unipolar Depression
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•Twodiagnoses to consider:
1.Majordepressive disorder •Criteria1 and 2 are met 2.Dysthymicdisorder •Symptomsare “mild but chronic” –Depressionis longer lasting but less disabling –Consistent symptoms for at least two years –•Double Depression |
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Causes of Unipolar Depression
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1.Biological
–Genetic –Biochemical –Brain Anatomy & Circuits –ImmuneSystem |
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Causesof Unipolar Depression II
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2.Psychological
–Psychodynamic –Behavioral –Cognitive |
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Causes of Unipolar Depression III
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1.Sociocultural
–Family/SocialPerspective –Multi-culturalPerspective |
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Psychological:Cognitive
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•Two main theories:
1.Negative thinking 2.Learnedhelplessness |
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Psychological:Cognitive
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1.Negativethinking -> UnipolarDepression–Beck
LOOK ON POWER POINT |
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Bipolar Disorders |
•People with a bipolar disorder experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania –BipolarI –BipolarII |
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Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders
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•Criteria1: Manic episode
–Threeor more symptoms of mania lasting one week or more •Inextreme cases, symptoms are psychotic –Historyof mania qualifies if currently depressed –“Mixed”episodes –Ifmajor depressive episodes are in history, and hypomania but not mania,diagnosis is Bipolar II•Criteria2: Significant distress or Impairment |
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Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders
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•Cyclothymic Disorder: hypomania & mild depressive symptoms
–Mildsymptoms for two or more years, interrupted by periods of normal mood –Affectsat least 0.4% of the population –Mayeventually blossom into bipolar I or II disorder |
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Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders
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•Cyclothymic Disorder: hypomania & mild depressive symptoms
–Mildsymptoms for two or more years, interrupted by periods of normal mood –Affectsat least 0.4% of the population –Mayeventually blossom into bipolar I or II disorder |
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What Causes Bipolar Disorders?
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•Notmuch theorizing before 1950s•BiologicalPerspective
1.NeurotransmitterActivity 2.Ionactivity 3.Brainstructure 4.Geneticfactors |
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Causes of Bipolar Disorder: NT
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•Neurotransmitters
–Norepinephrine –Serotonin –GABA |
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LOOK ON POWERPOINT |
LOOK ON POWER POINT |
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Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Ion Activity
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•Membranedefects
•Abnormalfunctioning of proteins that transport ions |
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Treatments for Mood Disorders: UnipolarDepression
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1.Psychological
2.Sociocultural 3.Biologicalapproaches |
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Psychological Approaches
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1.Psychodynamic – Widely used despite nostrong research evidence of its effectiveness
2.Behavioral – Primarily used for mild or moderate depression but practiced less than in past decades 3.Cognitive & CBT – Has performed sowell in research that it has a large and growing clinical following |
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Psychological Approaches:Behavioral Therapy
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1.Reintroduceclients to pleasurable activities and events, often using a weekly schedule
2.Appropriately reinforce their depressive and non-depressive behaviors –Use acontingency management approach 3.Help them improve their social skills |
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Psychological Approaches:Cognitive/Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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LOOK ON POWERPOINT |
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Psychological Approaches:Cognitive/Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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•Recognizeand change negative cognitive processes
•Usuallylasts fewer than 20 sessions •Phases: 1.Increasing activities and elevating mood 2.Challenging automatic thoughts 3.Identifying negative thinking and biases 4.Changing primary attitudes |
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Sociocultural Approaches:Multi-Cultural
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•Culture-sensitive therapies
–Ex:CBT therapy with a focus on struggles unique to minority groups •Medication needs |
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Treatmentsfor Unipolar Depression:Biological Approaches
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•Electroconvulsive Therapy
•Anti-depressantdrug therapy •BrainStimulation |
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Sociocultural Approaches:Family-Social
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•Helpclients deal with their interpersonal relationships
•Twomost common/effective: 1.InterpersonalPsychotherapy 2.CouplesTherapy |
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Biological Approaches:Antidepressant Drug Therapy
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•1950s,original medications
–Monoamineoxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) –Tricyclics •Morerecently introduced 3rd group –Second-generationantidepressants •SSRIs |
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Antidepressant Drug Therapy:MAOIs
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•MAOIsincrease levels of norepinephrine in the brain
•Reduce symptoms of depression •Some dangerous dietary side effects –A new version delivers low doses of the drug via a skin patch, reducing these sideeffects |
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AntidepressantDrug Therapy:Tricyclics
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•Discoveredby accident attempting to treat schizophrenia
•Theyall share a 3 ring molecular structure•Longer regimens = less chance of relapse –Continuation& maintenance therapy •Ratesof success slightly higher than MAOIs, with less side effects •Serotonin& norepinephrine euptakeinhibitor |
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Whatis the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder?
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•Lithium
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SHORT ANSWER Bipolar Disorder
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1.Please explain the difference between Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder.
2.In addition to a written response, please draw a graph(s) visualizing the moodcycles involved in these disorders. 3.What are the 3 main theories for why mood stabilizers work? 4.Explainat least one of the 3 theories (extra points (2 per theory) if you explain morethan 1). |
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SHORT ANSWER Stress Disorders
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1.What are the two important systems activated by the hypothalamus in response to astressor? 2.Whatare the two pathways by which the ANS and the endocrine systems produce arousal and fear reactions?
3.Explain the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system pathways. 4.Name the two main stress disorders that could result from a disruption in one ormore of these systems and/or pathways? 5.What is the primary distinction between receiving a diagnosis of one of said stress disorders or the other? 6.*Extra(5) points if you can not only answer these questions but write a paragraph explaining how these different pieces all come together to create normal or abnormal functioning in response to stress. |
