Review Questions
Write one-paragraph responses to 4 of the following 6 questions below. Each paragraph should be 5 to 10 sentences (or about 70 – 150 words), and written in your own words.
Session 1: Cell Pathology
3. Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible, and hypoxia is a major cause. Explain how hypoxia causes reversible cell injury (in particular hydropic change), which can then lead to cell death.
Lets compare a living cell to a water balloon. When we fill the balloon up with excess water, it goes into a hydropic state meaning the overall size of the balloon expands as more water is added and the lining of the balloon becomes thinner. Well to avoid the balloon from breaking, we would simply let out the excess water. When it comes to the cell, there can either be reversible or irreversible injury. With reversible injury, it is only short term, and the cell will return to its natural size once the problem is resolved. However if the problem is not corrected in time, irreversible damage will occur which will then will affect rate of cell death. When a cell receives a decrease in oxygen supply, the cell will go into a hypoxic state, which will then increase the size of the cell and reduce its functionally. If oxygen is restore in a timely manner then the cell is able to recover from the injury but if oxygen continues to be restricted more damage will occur; this will then lead to irreversible injury will result cell in shutting down and eventually die. 4. Compare atrophy with hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and give clinical examples of each condition. As discussed in the last question, cells can change in size as needed whether it’s due to an injury it has suffered or combating with a lack of oxygen. Either it will repair it self and return to its natural size or die. But what happens to a cell when the size changes and remains? Atrophy is when a cell stops working at optimal capacity and since it would be inefficient to remain at its current size then the best option is to shrink to a more manageable level. Causes of atrophy can either be physiologic or pathologic in nature. Examples of atrophy can be seen in atrophic rhinitis, Huntington’s disease, and Kennedy disease. However, the opposite is true when a cell swells in size due to increase demand of energy, which is termed hypertrophy. Another instance were not only does the cell increase in size but the number of cells increase as well is termed hyperplasia. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia typically occur simultaneity; which is seen in pyloric stenosis, oversized breasts, and arteriolosclerosis. The only time when cells would experience hypertrophy alone would be when they cannot divide such as the heart. Hyperplasia occurs independently when cells are induced by hormonal secretion and chronic injuries. 5. Compare the gross appearances of various forms of necrosis. Necrosis, premature death of a cell, will have a varity of appearances due the cause of the cell death. …show more content…
When organ tissues undergo coagulative necrosis, the appearance of the organ will remain the same but the color will change. Pale appearance is due to a lack of blood supply where red appearance is due to damaged blood vessels. Liquefactgive necrosis is where tissue breaks down to a liquid form, which will have an appearance in the organ as a cystic space or an abscess. Caseous necrosis is a combination of both coagulative and liquefactive necrosis in which tissue will form a dense substance and take on the appearance as a yellowish cottage cheese. Fat necrosis will appear chalky white. Gangrene is a form of necrosis of the skin that we commonly seen where tissue appears black with or without discharge. 6. What are the main differences between necrosis and apoptosis? Necrosis of a cell is when it unintentionally kills it self with a big bang and leaves a hefty mess for all the other cells to deal with. When this suicidal cell has lost all functionality such as when it doesn’t receive any oxygen; it begin to swell and since it has no means of pumping out excess water it will explode just as a overfilled water balloon. However, apoptosis is a considerate cell that realizes that his time is up and wants to leave in a
Write one-paragraph responses to 4 of the following 6 questions below. Each paragraph should be 5 to 10 sentences (or about 70 – 150 words), and written in your own words.
Session 1: Cell Pathology
3. Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible, and hypoxia is a major cause. Explain how hypoxia causes reversible cell injury (in particular hydropic change), which can then lead to cell death.
Lets compare a living cell to a water balloon. When we fill the balloon up with excess water, it goes into a hydropic state meaning the overall size of the balloon expands as more water is added and the lining of the balloon becomes thinner. Well to avoid the balloon from breaking, we would simply let out the excess water. When it comes to the cell, there can either be reversible or irreversible injury. With reversible injury, it is only short term, and the cell will return to its natural size once the problem is resolved. However if the problem is not corrected in time, irreversible damage will occur which will then will affect rate of cell death. When a cell receives a decrease in oxygen supply, the cell will go into a hypoxic state, which will then increase the size of the cell and reduce its functionally. If oxygen is restore in a timely manner then the cell is able to recover from the injury but if oxygen continues to be restricted more damage will occur; this will then lead to irreversible injury will result cell in shutting down and eventually die. 4. Compare atrophy with hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and give clinical examples of each condition. As discussed in the last question, cells can change in size as needed whether it’s due to an injury it has suffered or combating with a lack of oxygen. Either it will repair it self and return to its natural size or die. But what happens to a cell when the size changes and remains? Atrophy is when a cell stops working at optimal capacity and since it would be inefficient to remain at its current size then the best option is to shrink to a more manageable level. Causes of atrophy can either be physiologic or pathologic in nature. Examples of atrophy can be seen in atrophic rhinitis, Huntington’s disease, and Kennedy disease. However, the opposite is true when a cell swells in size due to increase demand of energy, which is termed hypertrophy. Another instance were not only does the cell increase in size but the number of cells increase as well is termed hyperplasia. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia typically occur simultaneity; which is seen in pyloric stenosis, oversized breasts, and arteriolosclerosis. The only time when cells would experience hypertrophy alone would be when they cannot divide such as the heart. Hyperplasia occurs independently when cells are induced by hormonal secretion and chronic injuries. 5. Compare the gross appearances of various forms of necrosis. Necrosis, premature death of a cell, will have a varity of appearances due the cause of the cell death. …show more content…
When organ tissues undergo coagulative necrosis, the appearance of the organ will remain the same but the color will change. Pale appearance is due to a lack of blood supply where red appearance is due to damaged blood vessels. Liquefactgive necrosis is where tissue breaks down to a liquid form, which will have an appearance in the organ as a cystic space or an abscess. Caseous necrosis is a combination of both coagulative and liquefactive necrosis in which tissue will form a dense substance and take on the appearance as a yellowish cottage cheese. Fat necrosis will appear chalky white. Gangrene is a form of necrosis of the skin that we commonly seen where tissue appears black with or without discharge. 6. What are the main differences between necrosis and apoptosis? Necrosis of a cell is when it unintentionally kills it self with a big bang and leaves a hefty mess for all the other cells to deal with. When this suicidal cell has lost all functionality such as when it doesn’t receive any oxygen; it begin to swell and since it has no means of pumping out excess water it will explode just as a overfilled water balloon. However, apoptosis is a considerate cell that realizes that his time is up and wants to leave in a